Vaccine against Klebsiella pneumoniae

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a synthetic saccharide of general formula (I) that is related to  Klebsiella pneumoniae  serotype O1, O2, O2ac, and O8 O-polysaccharide and carbapenem-resistant  Klebsiella pneumoniae  ST258 O-polysaccharide and conjugate thereof. Said synthetic saccharide, said conjugate and pharmaceutical composition containing said synthetic saccharide or said conjugate are useful for prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with  Klebsiella pneumoniae . Furthermore, the synthetic saccharide of general formula (I) is useful as marker in immunological assays for detection of antibodies against  Klebsiella pneumoniae  bacteria.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. National Phase Application of PCT International Application No. PCT/EP2018/083246, filed on Nov. 30, 2018, designating the United States of America and published in the English language, which claims priority to EP Application No. 17204817.5, filed Nov. 30, 2017. The disclosures of the above-referenced applications are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a synthetic saccharide of general formula (I) that is related to Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1, O2, O2ac, and O8 O-polysaccharide and carbapanem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 O-polysaccharide and conjugate thereof. Said synthetic saccharide, said conjugate and pharmaceutical composition containing said synthetic saccharide or said conjugate are useful for prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae. Furthermore, the synthetic saccharide of general formula (I) is useful as marker in immunological assays for detection of antibodies against Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium colonizing mostly of the respiratory and urinary tracts and causing K. pneumoniae infections (KPIs). KPI is the main cause of nosocomial infections, primarily affecting immunocompromised patients. In the last ten years, infections caused by K. pneumoniae are becoming an important challenge in health-care settings due to the emergence of strains resistant to almost all available antimicrobial agents and their worldwide dissemination. Infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae are responsible of high rates of morbidity and mortality. Thus, prevention of infections caused by K. pneumoniae is highly desirable, and vaccination of risk groups is the most cost-efficient and the most powerful means.

Like most bacteria, K. pneumoniae usually develop capsules composed of complex polysaccharides on the bacterial surface, which are highly immunogenic and nontoxic. In comparison with proteins, carbohydrates are evolutionarily more stable and have been exploited in a series of commonly employed vaccines. When covalently connected to a carrier protein, oligosaccharide antigens can elicit long lasting, T-cell-dependent protection. K. pneumoniae typically expresses both, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and capsular polysaccharide (CPS, K-antigen), which contribute to the virulence of this species. LPS is a main surface antigen built of the O-specific polysaccharide (O-PS) containing different number of oligosaccharide repeating units (RU), core oligosaccharide and lipid A. O-PS structures (O-antigens) define O-serotypes of Klebsiella strains. Variability of K. pneumoniae O-antigens is currently limited to 9 major O-serotypes: O1, O2, O2ac, O3 (including O3a and O3b), O4, O5, O7, O8, O12 and a few subtypes within these serogroups such as subtypes O2a, O2ab, O2ae, O2aeh, and O2afg of serotype O2. Klebsiella pneumoniae has also been classified serologically into numerous capsular (K) types. Therefore, various K. pneumoniae strains having different K antigens belong to a specific O-antigen serotype. For example, numerous K-serotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains belonging to O1 serotype have been identified (Infection and Immunity, 1983, p. 56-61). Most popular K-serotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains belonging to O1 serotype are O1:K1, O1:K2, O1:K7, O1:K8, O1:K10, O1:K12, O1:K16, O1:K19, O1:K21, O1:K22, O1:K27, O1:K34, O1:K42, O1:K45, O1:K55, O1:K57, O1:K62, O1:K65, O1:K66, O1:K69 and O1:K70.

Recently, carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) has emerged and spread globally. Carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) is a major health concern due to the very limited treatment options. Such CRKP has usually carbapenemases that are able to cleave most beta-lactam type antibiotics. A specific lineage termed sequence type (ST) 258 has been shown to be responsible for the majority of KPC-producing Klebsiella infections. It is also known that CRKP ST258 strains have different capsular polysaccharide (CPS).

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and capsular polysaccharide (CPS), two surface components of Klebsiella pneumoniae are mainly discussed as candidates for an anti-Klebsiella vaccine. CPS has been proven to be highly immunogenic. However, the serious disadvantage of Klebsiella CPS vaccine is the great number of K-types (more 80 different antigens). In the utilization of LPS antigens in Klebsiella vaccines, the adverse toxic reactions caused mainly by the lipid A of LPS present a great drawback of active immunization with LPS-containing vaccines. In comparison with proteins, carbohydrates are evolutionarily more stable. When covalently connected to a carrier protein, polysaccharide or oligosaccharides can elicit long lasting, T-cell-dependent protection (Microbiol Rev 1995, 591). For a review on current development of carbohydrate vaccines see Chem. & Biol. 2014, 21, 38-50. For a review on automated carbohydrate synthesis and its application in the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines see Carbohydr. Res. 2008, 343, 1889-1896.

WO 2016/156338 A1 discloses synthetic carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae saccharides and conjugates thereof for the treatment of diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. Later, the same group showed by glycan microarray studies that substructures of the prepared hexasaccharide are not recognized by monoclonal antibody 1C8 that cross-reacts with natural CR-K. pneumoniae CPS (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 13973-13978).

The article Vaccine 1986, 4, 15 reports on a hexavalent Klebsiella vaccine composed of the capsular polysaccharide derived from K2, K3, K10, K21, K30 and K55 serotypes. The tested vaccine was found to be highly protective against fatal experimental Klebsiella K2 burn wound sepsis, thus indicating that functional antibody is elicited following vaccination.

Since O-antigens are far less variable than CPS, Klebsiella pneumoniae LPS O-antigens without the core oligosaccharides and lipid A can be potential target antigens for immunotherapy both prophylactic and therapeutic.

The repeating units of the O-antigens, i.e. O-polysaccharides of K. pneumoniae were elucidated (Journal of Bacteriology, 1996, p. 5205-5214; The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2002, 277 (28), pp. 25070-25081) (see FIGS. 1 and 2).

The common structure of the O-polysaccharide (OPS) of K. pneumoniae serotype O1, O2a, O2ac consists of a disaccharide repeating unit: →3)-(β-D-Galf-(1→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→  (galactan I).

The common structure of the O-polysaccharide (OPS) of K. pneumoniae serotypes O1, and O8 consists of a disaccharide repeating unit: →3)-β-D-Galp-(1→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→  (galactan II)

The repeating unit of the O-polysaccharide of K. pneumoniae serotype O1 consists of: [→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→]_(m)-[→3)-β-D-Galf-(1→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→]_(n).

The repeating unit of the O-polysaccharide of K. pneumoniae serotype O2a consists of: →3)-β-D-Galf-(1→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→.

The repeating unit of the O-polysaccharide of K. pneumoniae serotype O2ac consists of: [→5)-β-D-Galf-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(m)-[→3)-β-D-Galf-(1→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→]_(n).

The repeating unit of the O-polysaccharide of K. pneumoniae serotypes O2ae and O2aeh consists of:

The repeating unit of the O-polysaccharide of K. pneumoniae serotype O2afg, and carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) ST258 strains consists of:

The repeating unit of the O-polysaccharide of K. pneumoniae serotype O8 consists of a pentasaccharide:

It is the objective of the present invention to provide a well-defined synthetic saccharide of general formula (I) that is related Klebsiella pneumoniae O-polysaccharide and contains a protective immunogenic O-antigen epitope i.e. an O-antigen epitope that elicits antibodies which protect against diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Said saccharide can be conjugated to an immunogenic carrier to provide a conjugate and pharmaceutical composition thereof that are useful for prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae. Furthermore, the synthetic saccharide of general formula (I) is useful as marker in immunological assays for detection of antibodies against Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria.

The objective of the present invention is solved by the teaching of the independent claims. Further advantageous features, aspects and details of the invention are evident from the dependent claims, the description, the figures, and the examples of the present application.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

The term “linker” as used herein encompasses molecular fragments capable of connecting the reducing-end monosaccharide of a saccharide with an immunogenic carrier or a solid support, optionally by binding to at least one interconnecting molecule. Thus, the function of the linker per se or together with the interconnecting molecule is to establish, keep and/or bridge a special distance between the reducing-end monosaccharide and an immunogenic carrier or a solid support. By keeping a certain distance between the saccharide and the immunogenic carrier the shielding of immunogenic saccharide epitopes by the structure of the immunogenic carrier (e.g. secondary structure of a carrier protein) is avoided. In addition, the linker provides greater efficiency of coupling with saccharides by reducing steric hindrance of reactive groups (Methods in Molecular Medicine 2003, 87, 153-174). More specifically, one extremity of the linker is connected to the exocyclic oxygen atom at the anomeric center of the reducing-end monosaccharide and the other extremity is connected via the nitrogen atom with the interconnecting molecule, or directly with the immunogenic carrier or the solid support.

Any linker for saccharide conjugates (e.g. saccharide-carrier protein conjugate, antibody-drug conjugate) known in the art can be used within the present invention. From the large number of publications directed to saccharide carrier protein conjugates the person skilled in the art can readily envision suitable linkers for the herein disclosed saccharides and conjugates (see “Antimicrobial glycoconjugate vaccines: an overview of classic and modern approaches for protein modification” in Chem Soc Rev. 2018, Advance Article, DOI: 10.1039/C8CS00495A; Acc Chem Res 2017, 50, 1270-1279) since the used linker, i.e. its length and linkage type, does not significantly influence the immunogenicity of a saccharide conjugate (see PLoS ONE 2017, 12(12): e0189100, J. Immun. Meth. 1996, 191, 1-10). Such suitable linkers are harmless (i.e. non-toxic) and non-immunogenic (i.e. do not lead to the formation of nonprotective antibodies on immunization with a conjugate) and include but are not restricted to commercially available bifunctional polyethylene glycol (Journal of Controlled Release 2013, 172, 382-389, J. Immun. Meth. 1996, 191, 1-10), glutaric acid derivatives (J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70(18), 7123-7132), adipic acid derivatives, squarate derivatives, alkynes, N-hydroxysuccinimides, such as the commercially available MFCO—NHS (monofluoro-substituted cyclooctyne N-hydroxysuccinimide ester), maleimides (as disclosed in Acc Chem Res 2017, 50, 1270-1279), or hydrophilic alkyl phosphinates and sulfonyls (as described in WO2014080251A1).

As used herein, the term “interconnecting molecule” refers to a bifunctional molecule containing functional group X and functional group Y, wherein functional group X is capable of reacting with the terminal amino group on the linker L and the functional group Y is capable of reacting with a functionality present on an immunogenic carrier or on a solid support. FIG. 3 displays examples of commercially available interconnecting molecules, but does not restrict the interconnecting molecules that can be used according to the present invention to the examples displayed herein.

The term “adjuvant” as used herein refers to an immunological adjuvant i.e. a material used in a vaccine composition that modifies or augments the effects of said vaccine by enhancing the immune response to a given antigen contained in the vaccine without being antigenically related to it. For the person skilled in the art, classically recognized examples of adjuvants include:

-   -   mineral-containing compositions, including calcium salts and         aluminium salts (or mixtures thereof). Calcium salts include         calcium phosphate. Aluminium salts include hydroxides,         phosphates, sulfates, etc., with the salts taking any suitable         form (e.g. gel, crystalline, amorphous, etc.). Adsorption to         these salts is preferred. The mineral containing compositions         may also be formulated as a particle of metal salt. The         adjuvants known as aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate         may be also used. The invention can use any of the “hydroxide”         or “phosphate” adjuvants that are in general used as adjuvants.         The adjuvants known as “aluminium hydroxide” are typically         aluminium oxyhydroxide salts, which are usually at least         partially crystalline. The adjuvants known as “aluminium         phosphate” are typically aluminium hydroxyphosphates, often also         containing a small amount of sulfate (i. e. aluminium         hydroxyphosphate sulfate). They may be obtained by         precipitation, and the reaction conditions and concentrations         during precipitation influence the degree of substitution of         phosphate for hydroxyl in the salt. Mixtures of both an         aluminium hydroxide and an aluminium phosphate can be employed         in the formulation according to the present invention;     -   saponins, which are a heterologous group of sterol glycosides         and triterpenoid glycosides that are found in the bark, leaves,         stems, roots and even flowers of a wide range of plant species.         Saponins from the bark of the Quillaia saponaria, Molina tree         have been widely studied as adjuvants. Saponins can also be         commercially obtained from Smilax ornata (sarsaprilla),         Gypsophilla paniculata (brides veil), and Saponaria oficianalis         (soap root). Saponin adjuvant formulations include purified         formulations, such as QS21, as well as lipid formulations, such         as ISCOMs. Saponin compositions have been purified using HPLC         and RP-HPLC. Specific purified fractions using these techniques         have been identified, including QS 7, QS 17, QS 18, QS2 1, QH-A,         QH-B and QH-C. Saponin formulations may also comprise a sterol,         such as cholesterol. Combinations of saponins and cholesterols         can be used to form unique particles called immunostimulating         complexes (ISCOMs). ISCOMs generally include a phospholipid such         as phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine. Any known         saponin can be used in ISCOMs. Preferably, the ISCOM includes         one or more of QuilA, QHA & QHC;     -   microparticles (i.e. a particle of 100 nm to 150 pm in diameter,         more preferably 200 nm to 30 pm in diameter, or 500 nm to 10 pm         in diameter) formed from materials that are biodegradable and         non-toxic. Such non-toxic and biodegradable materials include,         but are not restricted to poly(α-hydroxy acid),         polyhydroxybutyric acid, polyorthoester, polyanhydride,         polycaprolactone;     -   CD1d ligands, such as an α-glycosylceramide,         phytosphingosine-containing α-glycosylceramides, OCH, KRN7000         [(2S,3S,4R)-1-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-(N-hexacosanoylamino)-1,3,4-octadecanetriol],         CRONY-101, 3″-sulfo-galactosyl-ceramide, 7DW8-5 (Funakoshi Co.,         Ltd.)     -   immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, such CpG motif containing         ones (a dinucleotide sequence containing an unmethylated         cytosine residue linked by a phosphate bond to a guanosine         residue), or CpI motif containing ones (a dinucleotide sequence         containing cytosine linked to inosine), or a double-stranded         RNA, or an oligonucleotide containing a palindromic sequence, or         an oligonucleotide containing a poly(dG) sequence.         Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides can include nucleotide         modifications/analogs such as phosphorothioate modifications and         can be double-stranded or (except for RNA) single-stranded;     -   compounds containing lipids linked to a phosphate-containing         acyclic backbone, such as the TLR4 antagonist E5564;     -   oil emulsions (e.g. Freund's adjuvant);     -   Zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs), comprising both positive         and negative charges on adjacent monosaccharide units;

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs).

Theoretically, each molecule or substance that is able to favor or amplify a particular situation in the cascade of immunological events, ultimately leading to a more pronounced immunological response, can be defined as an adjuvant.

In principle, through the use of adjuvants in vaccine formulations, one can:

-   -   direct and optimize immune responses that are appropriate or         desirable for the vaccine;     -   enable mucosal delivery of vaccines, i.e. administration that         results in contact of the vaccine with a mucosal surface such as         buccal or gastric or lung epithelium and the associated lymphoid         tissue;     -   promote cell-mediated immune responses;     -   enhance the immunogenicity of weaker immunogens, such as highly         purified or recombinant antigens;     -   reduce the amount of antigen or the frequency of immunization         required to provide protective immunity; and     -   improve the efficacy of vaccines in individuals with reduced or         weakened immune responses, such as newborns, the aged, and         immunocompromised vaccine recipients.

Although little is known about their mode of action, it is currently believed that adjuvants augment immune responses by one of the following mechanisms:

-   -   increasing the biological or immunologic half-life of antigens;     -   improving antigen delivery to antigen-presenting cells (APCs),         as well as antigen processing and presentation by the APCs e.g.,         by enabling antigen to cross endosomal membranes into the         cytosol after ingestion of antigen-adjuvant complexes by APC;     -   mimicking danger inducing signals from stressed or damaged         cells, which serve to initiate an immune response;     -   inducing the production of immunomodulatory cytokines;     -   biasing the immune response towards a specific subset of the         immune system; and—blocking the rapid dispersal of the antigen         challenge.

Saccharides are known by the person skilled in the art as TI-2 (T cell independent-2) antigens and poor immunogens, if they are not zwitterionic. Therefore, to produce a saccharide-based vaccine, said saccharides are conjugated to an immunogenic carrier to provide a conjugate, which presents an increased immunogenicity in comparison with the saccharide. In this context the term “immunogenic carrier” is defined as a structure, which is conjugated to the saccharide to form a conjugate that presents an increased immunity in comparison with the saccharide per se. Thus, the conjugation of the saccharides to the immunogenic carrier, preferably protein carrier, has as effect the stimulation of the immune response against said saccharide, without inducing an immune response against the said immunogenic carrier.

Hence, the present invention is directed to a saccharide of general formula (I)

wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₃ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond or

-   -   U₆ represents

R¹, R^(1′), R* and R*′ represent independently from each other —H or U₆, wherein R¹ and R* cannot be simultaneously —U₆ and R^(1′) and R*′ cannot be simultaneously —U₆, L represents a linker; E represents —NH₂, —N₃, —CN, —O—NH₂, —CH═CH₂, —C≡CH, —Br, —Cl, —I, —CO₂R′, —CO-(3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CO-(dibenzocyclooctyne-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CONH—NH₂, —OH, —SH, or —SAc; R′ represents —H, -Me, -Et,

n is an integer from 1 to 20; m is an integer from 0 to 20; k is an integer selected from 0 to 20; x and y are independently of each other the integer 0 or 1; and when U₁ and U₂ are monosaccharides and n is 1, m, x, and y are not 0 at the same time; or anomers, hydrates, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The linker L preferably contains between 2 and 40 carbon atoms (including the carbon atoms of optional side chains), more preferably between 2 and 30, more preferably between 2 and 20, more preferably between 2 and 14, more preferably between 2 and 12, and still more preferably between 2 and 10 carbon atoms.

The shortest atom chain between the oxygen atom (i.e. the oxygen of —O-L-NH₂) and the NH₂-group consists preferably of 2 to 14 atoms, more preferably of 2 to 12 atoms, more preferably of 2 to 10 atoms, more preferably of 2 to 8 atoms. In case the shortest chain (which is the shortest possible connection between the oxygen at the anomeric center and the NH₂-group) consists of 2 to 6 atoms, these are preferably carbon atoms. In case the shortest chain consists of 4 to 8 atoms, the chain may contain 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, N and S. In case the shortest chain consists of 9 to 14 atoms, the chain may contain 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from O, N and S.

It is also preferred that the linker -L-, or the shortest chain is fully or partially fluorinated. The linker -L- may contain a 3-membered or a 4-membered or a 5-membered or a 6-membered saturated carbocycle or a 5-membered partly unsaturated (and not aromatic) carbocycle or a 4-membered or a 5-membered or a 6-membered saturated oxygen heterocycle or a 4-membered or a 5-membered or a 6-membered saturated nitrogen heterocycle or a 6-membered aromatic carbocycle.

The linker -L- may also contain amide (—NH—CO—, —CO—NH—) and/or urea (—NH—CO—NH—) residues and preferably only one amide or urea residue. The linker may also contain substituents and preferably two substituents such as R¹⁰ and R¹¹ or four substituents such as R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹⁵ and R¹⁴, which have the meanings as defined herein and which are preferably selected from: —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —C₈H₇, —C₅H₉, —C₆H₁₃, —OCH₃, —OC₂H₅, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —C(O)—NH₂, —SCH₃, —SC₂H₅, —NHC(O)CH₃, —N(CH₃)_(2J) and —N(C₂H₅)₂.

In case the linker -L- is fluorinated, more than two substituents —F are preferred.

Preferably the linker -L- is selected from: —CH₂—, —(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₃—, —(CH₂)₄—, —(CH₂)₅—, —(CH₂)₆—, —(CH₂)₇—, —(CH₂)₈—, —(CH₂)₉—, —(CH₂)₁₀—, —CF₂—, (CF₂)₂—, —(CF₂)₃—, —(CF₂)₄—, —(CF₂)₅—, —(CF₂)₆—, —(CF₂)₇—, —(CF₂)₈—, —(CF₂)₉—, —(CF₂)₁₀—, —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, —CH₂—O—(CH₂)₃—, —(CH₂)₃—O—CH₂—, —CH₂—O—(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₂—O—CH₂—, —(CH₂)₃—O—(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₂—O—(CH₂)₃—, —(CH₂)₄—O—CH₂—, —CH₂—O—(CH₂)₄—, -L^(a)-, -L^(a)-L^(e)-, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e)-, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(d)-L^(c)-L^(e)-, -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)-;

wherein

-L^(a)- is selected from: —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CF₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂)₂—O—C₂H₄—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂—, —(CR¹⁰R¹¹)_(o)—

-L^(b)- and -L^(c)- are independently of each other selected from: —O—, —NH—C(O)—NH—, —NH—C(S)—NH—, —NH—C(O)—, —C(O)—NH—, —NH—C(O)—O—, —NR⁹—, —NR¹⁸—, —SO₂, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—,

-L^(d)- represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CR¹²R¹³)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—CH₂—,

-L^(e)- is selected from: —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—, —(CR¹⁴R¹⁵)_(p1)—, —(CR¹⁴R¹⁵)_(p1)—O—(CR²¹R²²)_(p2)—,

R⁹ and R¹⁸ are independently of each other selected from: —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —C(O)CH₃; and —C(O)CH₃; R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁹, R²⁰, R²¹ and R²² are independently of each other selected from: —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —C₃H₇, —C₅H₉, —C₆H₁₃, —OCH₃, —OC₂H₅, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —C(O)—NH₂, —SCH₃, —SC₂H₅, —NHC(O)CH₃, —N(CH₃)₂ and —N(C₂H₅)₂; o, q, p1 and p2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

More preferred, -L- represents -L^(a)-, -L^(a)-L^(e)-, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e)-, or -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)-; -L^(a)- represents —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂;

-L^(b)- represents —O—, —NH—CO—NH—, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—, —NH—CO—; -L^(d)-represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CH(OH))_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—CH₂—;

-L^(e)- represents —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)— or —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—; and

o, q, p1 and P2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, with the proviso that L is not —C₃H₆— if -E is —NH₂.

Still more preferably, -L-E represents -L^(a)-E, -L^(a)-L^(e)-E, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e)-E, or -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)-E;

-L^(a)- represents —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂;

-L^(b)- represents —O—, —NH—CO—NH—, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—, —NH—CO—; -L^(d)-represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CH(OH))_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—CH₂—;

-L^(e)- represents —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)— or —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—; and

-E represents —NH₂, —N₃, —O—NH₂, —CH═CH₂, —C≡CH, —Br, —Cl, —I, —COOH, —COOCH₃, —COOC₂H₅, —CO₂R′, —CO-(3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CO-(dibenzocyclooctyne-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CONH—NH₂, —OH, or —SH;

R′ represents

o, q, p1 and p2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, with the proviso that -L-E is not —C₃H₆—NH₂.

Still most preferred, the saccharide of the formula (I) has the residue —O-L-E selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R represents —H, -Me, -Et,

X represents —Br, —Cl, —I, —CO₂H, or —SAc.

In a more preferred embodiment, —O-L-E is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R′ represents —H, -Me, -Et, 4-nitrophenyl, pentafluorophenyl, or —N-hydroxysuccinimidyl, -(3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), or -(dibenzocyclooctyne-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl); X represents —Br, —Cl, —I, —CO₂H, or —SAc.

Particularly preferred, —O-L-E is selected from the group consisting of:

The anomers of saccharides of the present invention mean the α/β-anomers at C-1-postion to which the group —O-L-E is bounded. It is clear for the skilled person in the art of carbohydrate chemistry that the stereochemistry of the glycosidic bond is defined by the stereochemistry indicated for the anomeric center of the sugar fragment U₁, and U₂ in the general formula (I).

The saccharides of the present invention are hygroscopic and thus can build various hydrates thereof. Preferred, molar ratio of water molecule to the saccharide is in the range of 1 to 20, more preferred, 1 to 10, most preferred, 5-10.

The saccharides of the present invention bear basic and/or acidic substituents and they may form salts with organic or inorganic acids or bases.

Examples of suitable acids for such acid addition salt formation are hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, salicylic acid, p-aminosalicylic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, formic acid, propionic acid, gluconic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, hydroxymaleic acid, pyruvic acid, phenylacetic acid, benzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, nitrous acid, hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, ethylenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthylsulfonic acid, sulfanilic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, china acid, mandelic acid, o-methylmandelic acid, hydrogen-benzenesulfonic acid, picric acid, adipic acid, d-o-tolyltartaric acid, tartronic acid, (o, m, p)-toluic acid, naphthylamine sulfonic acid, and other mineral or carboxylic acids well known to those skilled in the art. The salts are prepared by contacting the free base form with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce a salt in the conventional manner.

Examples of suitable inorganic or organic bases are, for example, NaOH, KOH, NH₄OH, tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, lysine or arginine and the like. Salts may be prepared in a conventional manner using methods well known in the art, for example by treatment of a solution of the compound of the general formula (I) with a solution of a base, selected out of the group mentioned above.

Surprisingly, it was found that a saccharide of general formula (I) contains an immunogenic protective epitope and is able to induce a protective immune response against K. pneumoniae bacteria or serotypes O1, O2, O2ac, O8 and carbapanem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 in a human and/or animal host. The saccharide of general formula (I) elicits antibodies that are cross-reacting with the K. pneumoniae serotype O1, O2, O2ac, O8 O-polysaccharide as well as carbapanem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 O-polysaccharide, and also opsonize them for killing by phagocytes.

The saccharides of the present invention overcome all the problems associated with the saccharides produced from bacterial sources and conjugates thereof in terms of purity and easiness of production. Even though it is an established and accepted method, there are several drawbacks to this approach. First, it requires culturing large volumes of a pathogenic species of interest for the generation of the native carbohydrate, followed by harvesting and purification of the carbohydrate. Depending on the biosafety level of the species of interest, as well as the ease of culturing, this step can present a major hurdle regarding the expansion of the technique to novel pathogenic species. Further, it is well known that the isolation and purification of pure saccharides of defined length and structure from capsular polysaccharides of pathogenic bacteria is a tedious and sometimes not feasible process. Firstly, the production of capsular polysaccharides requires optimization of the growth conditions. Secondly, depolymerization conditions under which the structural integrity of the constituting monosaccharides is maintained need to be found. Finally, purification conditions enabling the isolation of the pure saccharide of defined length and structure need to be determined. Besides usual contaminants, such as cellular polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins, also the undesired saccharides obtained through the depolymerization process, must be excluded. Thus, the production of pure saccharides of defined structure and length from bacterial sources is a tedious, almost impossible process.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I),

wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₃ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond or

-   -   U₆ represents

R¹, R^(1′) R* and R*′ represent independently from each other —H or U₆, wherein R¹ and R* cannot be simultaneously —U₆ and R^(1′) and R*′ cannot be simultaneously —U₆, L represents a linker; E represents —NH₂, —N₃, —CN, —O—NH₂, —CH═CH₂, —C≡CH, —Br, —Cl, —I, —CO₂R′, —CO-(3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CO-(dibenzocyclooctyne-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CONH—NH₂, —OH, —SH, or —SAc; R′ represents —H, -Me, -Et,

n is an integer from 1 to 20; m is an integer from 0 to 20; k is an integer selected from 0 to 10; x and y are independently of each other the integer 0 or 1; and when U₂-U₁

m cannot be 0 and represents U₅-U₄ cannot be U₂-U₁; when U₁ and U₂ are monosaccharides and n is 1, m, x, and y are not 0 at the same time; or anomers, hydrates, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I),

wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents

m represents an integer selected from 1 to 10; k is 0; n represents an integer selected from 1 to 10; and x, y, L and E have the meanings as defined herein.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I),

wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₃ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond         m, n, k, x, y, L and E have the meanings as defined herein.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I), wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond, or

-   -   m is an integer selected from 0 and 1;     -   k is 0,     -   n, U₃, x, y, L and E have the meanings as defined herein.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I), wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond,

-   -   m is an integer selected from 0 and 1,     -   k is 0,     -   n, U₃, x, y, L and E have the meanings as defined herein.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I), wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond, or

-   -   m is an integer from 1 to 10,     -   k is 0,     -   n, U₃, x, y, L and E have the meanings as defined in Claim 1.

Preferred are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I-A),

wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond or

L, E, m, n, x, and y have the same meanings as defined herein, or anomers, hydrates, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of these saccharides.

As defined above, U₁ and U₂ are monosaccharides and thus when n is 1, m, x, and y are not 0 at the same time;

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I-A),

wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

m is 0; L, E, n, x, and y have the meanings as defined herein.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I-A),

wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

m is 0; L, E, n, x, and y have the meanings as defined herein.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I-A),

wherein U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond,

m is an integer selected from 0 and 1; L, E, n, x, and y have the meanings as defined herein.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I-A), wherein

U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond, or

m is an integer selected from 0 and 1; L, E, n, x, and y have the meanings as defined herein.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I-A), wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond, or

m is an integer from 1 to 10; L, E, n, x, and y have the same meanings as defined herein.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I-A), wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

m, x, and y are 0; L, E, and n have the same meanings as defined herein.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I-A), wherein

U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

m, x, and y are 0; L, E, and n have the same meanings as defined herein.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (I-A), wherein

-   -   U₁ and U₄ represent

-   -   U₂ and U₅ represent

m is an integer from 1 to 10. L, E, n, x, and y have the same meanings as defined herein. As defined above, U₁ and U₂ are monosaccharides and thus when n is 1, m, x, and y are not 0 at the same time;

More preferred, the saccharide of general formula (I-A), wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10.

Preferred, are also synthetic saccharides of general formula (I-B),

wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, x and y are 1, and L and E have the meanings as defined herein.

Hence, within the scope of the present invention falls also a synthetic saccharide of any one of formulae (II-1)-(II-17):

wherein n, R¹, m, L and E have the same meanings as defined above when R¹ is —H, n is an integer from 2 to 20, preferably, n is an integer from 2 to 12;

wherein R¹, m, n, k, L and E have the same meanings as defined above, n and m are integers independently selected between 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 10 and k is an integer from 0 to 20, preferably from 0 to 10.

Preferably, the linker -L- represents in the general formulae (I), (I-A), (I-B) and (II-1)-(II-17)

-L^(a)-, -L^(a)-L^(e)-, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e)-, or -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)- wherein

-L^(a)- represents —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂;

-L^(b)- represents —O—, —NH—CO—NH—, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—, —NH—CO—; -L^(d)-represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CH(OH))_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—CH₂—;

-L^(e)- represents —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)— or —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—; and

o, q, p1 and p2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, with the proviso that L is not —C₃H₆— if -E is —NH₂.

Still more preferably, -L-E represents in the general formulae (I), (I-A), (I-B) and (II-1)-(II-17)

-L^(a)-E, -L^(a)-L^(e)-E, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e)-E, or -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)-E; wherein

-L^(a)- represents —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂;

-L^(b)- represents —O—, —NH—CO—NH—, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—, —NH—CO—; -L^(d)-represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CH(OH))_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—CH₂—;

-L^(e)- represents —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)— or —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—; and -E represents —NH₂, —N₃, —O—NH₂, —CH═CH₂, —C≡CH, —Br, —Cl, —I, —COOH, —COOCH₃, —COOC₂H₅, —CO₂R′, —CO-(3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CO-(dibenzocyclooctyne-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CONH—NH₂, —OH, or —SH; R′ represents

o, q, p1 and p2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, with the proviso that -L-E is not —C₃H₆—NH₂.

Still most preferred, the saccharide of the formula (I), (I-A), (I-B) and (II-1)-(II-17) has the residue —O-L-E selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R′ represents —H, -Me, -Et,

X represents —Br, —Cl, —I, —CO₂H, or —SAc;

Most preferred, the saccharide of the formula (I), (I-A), (I-B) or (II-1)-(II-17) has the residue —O-L-E selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R represents —H, -Me, -Et,

X represents —Br, —Cl, —I, —CO₂H, or —SAc.

In the most preferred embodiment, -L- represents —(CH₂)_(o)— and o is an integer selected from 4, 5 and 6. Hence, an especially preferred synthetic saccharide is a saccharide of any one of general formulae (I), (I-A), (I-B) and (II-1)-(II-17), wherein -L- represents —(CH₂)_(o)— and o is an integer selected from 4, 5 and 6.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the saccharide according to the present invention is selected from the group consisting of: compounds A-01-A-140, B-01-B-140, C-01-C-70, D-01-D-70, E-01-E-70, F-01-F-530, G-01-G-350, H-01-H-350, J-01-J-350, K-01-K-350, M-01-M-70, N-01-N-70, O-01-O-70, P-01-P-70 and Q-1-Q-700.

Most preferred, the saccharide according to the present invention is selected from the group consisting of: compounds A-01-A-07, A-11-A17, A-21-A-27, A-31-A-37, A-41-A-47, A-51-A-57, A-61-A-67, A-71-A-77, A-81-A-87, A-91-A-97, A-101-A-107, A-111-A-117, A-121-A-127, A-131-A-137, F-01, F-19, F-27, F-31, F-36, F-54, F-62, F-66, F-71, F-89, F-97, F-101, F-106, F-124, F-132, F-136, F-141, F-159, F-167, F-171, F-176, F-194, F-202, F-206, F-211, F-229, F-237, F-241, F-246, F-264, F-299, F-281, F-272, F-276, F-307, F-311, F-316, F-334, F-342, F-346, F-351, F-414, F-417, F-421, F-426, F-444, F-452, F-456, F-461, F-479, F-487, F-491, F-496, F-514, F-522, F-526, K-01, K-06, K-11, K-26, K-31, K-36, K-51, K-56, K-61, K-76, K-81, K-86, K-101, K-106, K-111, K-126, K-131, K-136, K-151, K-156, K-161, K-176, K-181, K-186, K-201, K-206, K-211, K-226, K-231, K-236, K-251, K-256, K-261, K-276, K-281, K-286, K-301, K-306, K-311, K-326, K-331, K-336, O-01, O-02, O-03, O-06, O-07, O-08, O-11, O-12, O-13, O-16, O-17, O-18, O-21, O-22, O-23, O-26, O-27, O-28, O-31, O-32, O-33, O-36, O-37, O-38, O-41, O-42, O-43, O-46, O-47, O-48, O-51, O-52, O-53, O-56, O-57, O-58, O-61, O-62, O-63, O-66, O-67, O-88, P-01-P-03, P-06-P-08, P-11-P-13, P-16-P-18, P-21-P-23, P-26-P-28, P-31-P-33, P-36-P-38, P-41-P-43, P-46-P-48, P-51-P-53, P-56-P-58, P-61-P-63, P-66-P-68, Q-1, Q-26, Q-101, Q-151, Q-251, Q-301, Q-351, Q-376, Q-451, Q-501, Q-551, Q-601 and Q-651.

TABLE 1 (II-A)

Compound —O—L—E n1 No.

 2  3  4 A-01 A-02 A-03  5 A-04  6 A-05  5 A-06  8 A-07  9 A-08 10 A-09 11 A-10

 2  3 A-11 A-12  4 A-13  5 A-14  6 A-15  7 A-16  8 A-17  9 A-18 10 A-19 11 A-20

 2  3 A-21 A-22  4 A-23  5 A-24  6 A-25  7 A-26  8 A-27  9 A-28 10 A-29 11 A-30

 2  3  4 A-31 A-32 A-33  5 A-34  6 A-35  7 A-36  8 A-37  9 A-38 10 A-39 11 A-40

 2  3  4  5  6 A-41 A-42 A-43 A-44 A-45  7 A-46  8 A-47  9 A-48 10 A-49 11 A-50

 2  3  4  5  6 A-51 A-52 A-53 A-54 A-55  7 A-56  8 A-57  9 A-58 10 A-59 11 A-60

 2  3  4  5  6 A-61 A-62 A-63 A-64 A-65  7 A-66  8 A-67  9 A-68 10 A-69 11 A-70

 2  3 A-71 A-82  4 A-73  5 A-74  6 A-75  7 A-76  8 A-77  9 A-78 10 A-79 11 A-80

 2  3  4 A-81 A-82 A-83  5 A-84  6 A-85  7 A-86  8 A-87  9 A-88 10 A-89 11 A-90

 2  3  4 A-91 A-92 A-93  5 A-94  6 A-95  7 A-96  8 A-97  9 A-98 10 A-99 11 A-100

 2  3  4 A-101 A-102 A-103  5 A-104  6 A-105  7 A-106  8 A-107  9 A-108 10 A-109 11 A-110

 2  3 A-111 A-112  4 A-113  5 A-114  6 A-115  7 A-116  8 A-117  9 A-118 10 A-119 11 A-120

 2  3  4 A-121 A-122 A-123  5 A-124  6 A-125  7 A-126  8 A-127  9 A-128 10 A-129 11 A-130

 2  3  4  5 A-131 A-132 A-133 A-134  6 A-135  7 A-136  8 A-137  9 A-138 10 A-139 11 A-140

TABLE 2 (II-B)

Compound —O—L—E n2 No.

1 2 B-01 B-02 3 B-03 4 B-04 5 B-05 6 B-06 7 B-07 8 B-08 9 B-09 10  B-10

1 2 3 B-11 B-12 B-13 4 B-14 5 B-15 6 B-16 7 B-17 8 B-18 9 B-19 10  B-20

1 2 3 B-21 B-22 B-23 4 B-24 5 B-25 6 B-26 7 B-27 8 B-28 9 B-29 10  B-30

1 2 3 B-31 B-32 B-33 4 B-34 5 B-35 6 B-36 7 B-37 8 B-38 9 B-39 10  B-40

1 2 3 4 B-41 B-42 B-43 B-44 5 B-45 6 B-46 7 B-47 8 B-48 9 B-49 10  B-50

1 2 3 4 B-51 B-52 B-53 B-54 5 B-55 6 B-56 7 B-57 8 B-58 9 B-59 10  B-60

1 2 3 4 5 B-61 B-62 B-63 B-64 B-65 6 B-66 7 B-67 8 B-68 9 B-69 10  B-70

1 2 3 B-71 B-82 B-73 4 B-74 5 B-75 6 B-76 7 B-77 8 B-78 9 B-79 10  B-80

1 2 B-81 B-82 3 B-83 4 B-84 5 B-85 6 B-86 7 B-87 8 B-88 9 B-89 10  B-90

1 2 3 B-91 B-92 B-93 4 B-94 5 B-95 6 B-96 7 B-97 8 B-98 9 B-99 10  B-100

1 2 3 B-101 B-102 B-103 4 B-104 5 B-105 6 B-106 7 B-107 8 B-108 9 B-109 10  B-110

1 2 B-111 B-112 3 B-113 4 B-114 5 B-115 6 B-116 7 B-117 8 B-118 9 B-119 10  B-120

1 2 3 B-121 B-122 B-123 4 B-124 5 B-125 6 B-126 7 B-127 8 B-128 9 B-129 10  B-130

1 2 3 4 B-131 B-132 B-133 B-134 5 B-135 6 B-136 7 B-137 8 B-138 9 B-139 10  B-140

TABLE 3 (II-C)

Compound —O—L—E n3 No.

5 6 7 C-01 C-02 C-03 8 C-04 9 C-05

5 6 C-06 C-07 7 C-08 8 C-09 9 C-10

5 6 7 C-11 C-12 C-13 8 C-14 9 C-15

5 6 7 C-16 C-17 C-18 8 C-19 9 C-20

5 6 7 8 C-21 C-22 C-23 C-24 9 C-25

5 6 7 8 C-26 C-27 C-28 C-29 9 C-30

5 6 7 8 9 C-31 C-32 C-33 C-34 C-35

5 6 7 C-36 C-37 C-38 8 C-39 9 C-40

5 6 7 C-41 C-42 C-43 8 C-44 9 C-45

5 6 C-46 C-47 7 C-48 8 C-49 9 C-50

5 6 C-51 C-52 7 C-53 8 C-54 9 C-55

5 6 C-56 C-57 7 C-58 8 C-59 9 C-60

5 6 7 C-61 C-62 C-63 8 C-64 9 C-65

5 6 7 8 C-66 C-67 C-68 C-69 9 C-70

TABLE 4 (II-D)

Compound —O—L—E n4 No.

1 2 3 D-01 D-02 D-03 4 D-04 5 D-05

1 2 D-06 D-07 3 D-08 4 D-09 5 D-10

1 2 3 D-11 D-12 D-13 4 D-14 5 D-15

1 2 3 D-16 D-17 D-18 4 D-19 5 D-20

1 2 3 4 5 D-21 D-22 D-23 D-24 D-25

1 2 3 4 D-26 D-27 D-28 D-29 5 D-30

1 2 3 4 5 D-31 D-32 D-33 D-34 D-35

1 2 3 D-36 D-37 D-38 4 D-39 5 D-40

1 2 D-41 D-42 3 D-43 4 D-44 5 D-45

1 2 D-46 D-47 3 D-48 4 D-49 5 D-50

1 2 3 D-51 D-52 D-53 4 D-54 5 D-55

1 2 D-56 D-57 3 D-58 4 D-59 5 D-60

1 2 3 D-61 D-62 D-63 4 D-64 5 D-65

1 2 3 4 D-66 D-67 D-68 D-69 5 D-70

TABLE 5 (II-E)

Compound —O—L—E n5 No.

1 2 E-01 E-02 3 E-03 4 E-04 5 E-05

1 2 3 E-06 E-07 E-08 4 E-09 5 E-10

1 2 3 E-11 E-12 E-13 4 E-14 5 E-15

1 2 3 E-16 E-17 E-18 4 E-19 5 E-20

1 2 3 4 5 E-21 E-22 E-23 E-24 E-25

1 2 3 4 E-26 E-27 E-28 E-29 5 E-30

1 2 3 4 5 E-31 E-32 E-33 E-34 E-35

1 2 3 E-36 E-37 E-38 4 E-39 5 E-40

1 2 E-41 E-42 3 E-43 4 E-44 5 E-45

1 2 E-46 E-47 3 E-48 4 E-49 5 E-50

1 2 3 E-51 E-52 E-53 4 E-54 5 E-55

1 2 E-56 E-57 3 E-58 4 E-59 5 E-60

1 2 3 E-61 E-62 E-63 4 E-64 5 E-65

1 2 3 4 E-66 E-67 E-68 E-69 5 E-70

TABLE 6 (II-F)

Compound —O—L—E m6 n6 No.

1 1 2 3 F-01 F-02 F-03 4 F-04 5 F-05

2 1 2 3 F-06 F-07 F-08 4 F-09 5 F-10

3 1 2 3 F-11 F-12 F-13 4 F-14 5 F-15

4 1 2 F-16 F-17 3 F-18 4 F-19 5 F-20

5 1 2 F-21 F-22 3 F-23 4 F-24 5 F-25

6 1 2 3 F-26 F-27 F-28 4 F-29 5 F-30

7 1 2 F-31 F-32 3 F-33 4 F-34 5 F-35

1 1 2 3 F-36 F-37 F-38 4 F-39 5 F-40

2 1 2 3 F-41 F-42 F-43 4 F-44 5 F-45

3 1 2 F-46 F-47 3 F-48 4 F-49 5 F-50

4 1 2 3 F-51 F-52 F-53 4 F-54 5 F-55

5 1 2 3 F-56 F-57 F-58 4 F-59 5 F-60

6 1 2 3 F-61 F-62 F-63 4 F-64 5 F-65

7 1 2 3 F-66 F-67 F-68 4 F-69 5 F-70

1 1 2 3 F-71 F-72 F-73 4 F-74 5 F-75

2 1 2 3 F-76 F-77 F-78 4 F-79 5 F-80

3 1 2 3 F-81 F-82 F-83 4 F-84 5 F-85

4 1 2 F-86 F-87 3 F-88 4 F-89 5 F-90

5 1 2 F-91 F-92 3 F-93 4 F-94 5 F-95

6 1 2 3 F-96 F-97 F-98 4 F-99 5 F-100

7 1 2 F-101 F-102 3 F-103 4 F-104 5 F-105

1 2 3 F-106 F-107 F-108 4 F-109 5 F-110

2 1 2 3 F-111 F-112 F-113 4 F-114 5 F-115

3 1 2 3 F-116 F-117 F-118 4 F-119 5 F-120

4 1 2 3 F-121 F-122 F-123 4 F-124 5 F-125

5 1 2 F-126 F-127 3 F-128 4 F-129 5 F-130

6 1 2 F-131 F-132 3 F-133 4 F-134 5 F-135

7 1 2 F-136 F-137 3 F-138 4 F-139 5 F-140

1 1 2 3 4 F-141 F-142 F-143 F-144 5 F-145

2 1 2 3 4 F-146 F-147 F-148 F-149 5 F-150

3 1 2 3 4 5 F-151 F-152 F-153 F-154 F-155

4 1 2 3 4 5 F-156 F-157 F-158 F-159 F-160

5 1 2 3 4 5 F-161 F-162 F-163 F-164 F-165

6 1 2 3 4 5 F-166 F-167 F-168 F-169 F-170

7 1 2 3 4 5 F-171 F-172 F-173 F-174 F-175

1 1 2 3 4 F-176 F-177 F-178 F-179 5 F-180

2 1 2 3 4 F-181 F-182 F-183 F-184 5 F-185

3 1 2 3 4 F-186 F-187 F-188 F-189 5 F-190

4 1 2 3 4 F-191 F-192 F-193 F-194 5 F-195

5 1 2 3 4 F-196 F-197 F-198 F-199 5 F-200

6 1 2 3 4 5 F-201 F-202 F-203 F-204 F-205

7 1 2 3 4 F-206 F-207 F-208 F-209 5 F-210

1 1 2 3 4 5 F-211 F-212 F-213 F-214 F-215

2 1 2 3 4 5 F-216 F-217 F-218 F-219 F-220

3 1 2 3 4 5 F-221 F-222 F-223 F-224 F-225

4 1 2 3 4 5 F-226 F-227 F-228 F-229 F-230

5 1 2 3 4 5 F-231 F-232 F-233 F-234 F-235

6 1 2 3 4 5 F-236 F-237 F-238 F-239 F-240

7 1 2 3 4 5 F-241 F-242 F-243 F-244 F-245

1 1 2 F-246 F-247 3 F-248 4 F-249 5 F-250

2 1 2 3 F-251 F-252 F-253 4 F-254 5 F-255

3 1 2 F-256 F-257 3 F-258 4 F-259 5 F-260

4 1 2 F-261 F-262 3 F-263 4 F-264 5 F-265

5 1 2 3 F-266 F-267 F-268 4 F-269 5 F-270

6 1 2 F-271 F-272 3 F-273 4 F-274 5 F-275

7 1 2 3 F-276 F-277 F-278 4 F-279 5 F-280

1 1 2 F-281 F-282 3 F-283 4 F-284 5 F-285

2 1 2 3 F-286 F-287 F-288 4 F-289 5 F-290

3 1 2 3 F-291 F-292 F-293 4 F-294 5 F-295

4 1 2 F-296 F-297 3 F-298 4 F-299 5 F-300

5 1 2 F-301 F-302 3 F-303 4 F-304 5 F-305

6 1 2 3 F-306 F-307 F-308 4 F-309 5 F-310

7 1 2 F-311 F-312 3 F-313 4 F-314 5 F-315

1 1 2 F-316 F-317 3 F-318 4 F-319 5 F-320

2 1 2 F-321 F-322 3 F-323 4 F-324 5 F-325

3 1 2 F-326 F-327 3 F-328 4 F-329 5 F-330

4 1 2 F-331 F-332 3 F-333 4 F-334 5 F-335

5 1 2 F-336 F-337 3 F-338 4 F-339 5 F-340

6 1 2 F-341 F-342 3 F-343 4 F-344 5 F-345

7 1 2 F-346 F-347 3 F-348 4 F-349 5 F-350

1 1 2 F-351 F-352 3 F-353 4 F-354 5 F-355

2 1 2 3 F-356 F-357 F-358 4 F-359 5 F-400

3 1 2 F-401 F-402 3 F-403 4 F-404 5 F-405

4 1 2 3 F-406 F-407 F-408 4 F-409 5 F-410

5 1 2 3 F-411 F-412 F-413 4 F-414 5 F-415

6 1 2 F-416 F-417 3 F-418 4 F-419 5 F-420

7 1 2 3 F-421 F-422 F-423 4 F-424 5 F-425

1 1 2 F-426 F-427 3 F-428 4 F-429 5 F-430

2 1 2 F-431 F-432 3 F-433 4 F-434 5 F-435

3 1 2 F-436 F-437 3 F-438 4 F-439 5 F-440

4 1 2 F-441 F-442 3 F-443 4 F-444 5 F-445

5 1 2 F-446 F-447 3 F-448 4 F-449 5 F-450

6 1 2 F-451 F-452 3 F-453 4 F-454 5 F-455

7 1 2 F-456 F-457 3 F-458 4 F-459 5 F-460

1 1 2 3 F-461 F-462 F-463 4 F-464 5 F-465

2 1 2 3 F-466 F-467 F-468 4 F-469 5 F-470

3 1 2 3 F-471 F-472 F-473 4 F-474 5 F-475

4 1 2 3 F-476 F-477 F-478 4 F-479 5 F-480

5 1 2 3 F-481 F-482 F-483 4 F-484 5 F-485

6 1 2 3 F-486 F-487 F-488 4 F-489 5 F-490

7 1 2 3 F-491 F-492 F-493 4 F-494 5 F-495

1 1 2 3 4 F-496 F-497 F-498 F-499 5 F-500

2 1 2 3 4 F-501 F-502 F-503 F-504 5 F-505

3 1 2 3 4 F-506 F-507 F-508 F-509 5 F-510

4 1 2 3 4 F-511 F-512 F-513 F-514 5 F-515

5 1 2 3 4 F-516 F-517 F-518 F-519 5 F-520

6 1 2 3 4 F-521 F-522 F-523 F-524 5 F-525

7 1 2 3 4 F-526 F-527 F-528 F-529 5 F-530

TABLE 7 (II-G)

—O—L—E m7 n7 Compound No.

1 1 2 3 G-01  G-02  G-03  4 G-04  5 G-05 

2 1 2 3 G-06  G-07  G-08  4 G-09  5 G-10 

3 1 2 3 G-11  G-12  G-13  4 G-14  5 G-15 

4 1 2 3 G-16  G-17  G-18  4 G-19  5 G-20 

5 1 2 3 G-21  G-22  G-23  4 G-24  5 G-25 

1 1 2 3 G-26  G-27  G-28  4 G-29  5 G-30 

2 1 2 3 G-31  G-32  G-33  4 G-34  5 G-35 

3 1 2 3 G-36  G-37  G-38  4 G-39  5 G-40 

4 1 2 3 G-41  G-42  G-43  4 G-44  5 G-45 

5 1 2 3 G-46  G-47  G-48  4 G-49  5 G-50 

1 1 2 3 G-51  G-52  G-53  4 G-54  5 G-55 

2 1 2 3 G-56  G-57  G-58  4 G-59  5 G-60 

3 1 2 3 G-61  G-62  G-63  4 G-64  5 G-65 

4 1 2 3 G-66  G-67  G-68  4 G-69  5 G-70 

5 1 2 3 G-71  G-72  G-73  4 G-74  5 G-75 

1 1 2 3 G-76  G-77  G-78  4 G-79  5 G-80 

2 1 2 3 G-81  G-82  G-83  4 G-84  5 G-85 

3 1 2 3 G-86  G-87  G-88  4 G-89  5 G-90 

4 1 2 3 G-91  G-92  G-93  4 G-94  5 G-95 

5 1 2 3 G-96  G-97  G-98  4 G-99  5 G-100

1 1 2 3 4 5 G-101 G-102 G-103 G-104 G-105

2 1 2 3 4 5 G-106 G-107 G-108 G-109 G-110

3 1 2 3 4 5 G-111 G-112 G-113 G-114 G-115

4 1 2 3 4 5 G-116 G-117 G-118 G-119 G-120

5 1 2 3 4 5 G-121 G-122 G-123 G-124 G-125

1 1 2 3 4 5 G-126 G-127 G-128 G-129 G-130

2 1 2 3 4 5 G-131 G-132 G-133 G-134 G-135

3 1 2 3 4 5 G-136 G-137 G-138 G-139 G-140

4 1 2 3 4 5 G-141 G-142 G-143 G-144 G-145

5 1 2 3 4 5 G-146 G-147 G-148 G-149 G-150

1 1 2 3 4 5 G-151 G-152 G-153 G-154 G-155

2 1 2 3 4 5 G-156 G-157 G-158 G-159 G-160

3 1 2 3 4 5 G-161 G-162 G-163 G-164 G-165

4 1 2 3 4 5 G-166 G-167 G-168 G-169 G-170

5 1 2 3 4 5 G-171 G-172 G-173 G-174 G-175

1 1 2 3 G-176 G-177 G-178 4 G-179 5 G-180

2 1 2 3 G-181 G-182 G-183 4 G-184 5 G-185

3 1 2 3 G-186 G-187 G-188 4 G-189 5 G-190

4 1 2 3 G-191 G-192 G-193 4 G-194 5 G-195

5 1 2 3 G-196 G-197 G-198 4 G-199 5 G-200

1 1 2 3 G-201 G-202 G-203 4 G-204 5 G-205

2 1 2 3 G-206 G-207 G-208 4 G-209 5 G-210

3 1 2 3 G-211 G-212 G-213 4 G-214 5 G-215

4 1 2 3 G-216 G-217 G-218 4 G-219 5 G-220

5 1 2 3 G-221 G-222 G-223 4 G-224 5 G-225

1 1 2 3 G-226 G-227 G-228 4 G-229 5 G-230

2 1 2 3 G-231 G-232 G-233 4 G-234 5 G-235

3 1 2 3 G-236 G-237 G-238 4 G-239 5 G-240

4 1 2 3 G-241 G-242 G-243 4 G-244 5 G-245

5 1 2 3 G-246 G-247 G-248 4 G-249 5 G-250

1 1 2 3 G-251 G-252 G-253 4 G-254 5 G-255

2 1 2 3 G-256 G-257 G-258 4 G-259 5 G-260

3 1 2 3 G-261 G-262 G-263 4 G-264 5 G-265

4 1 2 3 G-266 G-267 G-268 4 G-269 5 G-270

5 1 2 3 G-271 G-272 G-273 4 G-274 5 G-275

1 1 2 3 G-276 G-277 G-278 4 G-279 5 G-280

2 1 2 3 G-281 G-282 G-283 4 G-284 5 G-285

3 1 2 3 G-286 G-287 G-288 4 G-289 5 G-290

4 1 2 3 G-291 G-292 G-293 4 G-294 5 G-295

5 1 2 3 G-296 G-297 G-298 4 G-299 5 G-300

1 1 2 3 G-301 G-302 G-303 4 G-304 5 G-305

2 1 2 3 G-306 G-307 G-308 4 G-309 5 G-310

3 1 2 3 G-311 G-312 G-313 4 G-314 5 G-315

4 1 2 3 G-316 G-317 G-318 4 G-319 5 G-320

5 1 2 3 G-321 G-322 G-323 4 G-324 5 G-325

1 1 2 3 4 5 G-326 G-327 G-328 G-329 G-330

2 1 2 3 4 5 G-331 G-332 G-333 G-334 G-335

3 1 2 3 4 5 G-336 G-337 G-338 G-339 G-340

4 1 2 3 4 5 G-341 G-342 G-343 G-344 G-345

5 1 2 3 4 5 G-346 G-347 G-348 G-349 G-350

TABLE 8 (II-H)

—O—L—E m8 n8 Compound No.

1 1 2 3 H-01  H-02  H-03  4 H-04  5 H-05 

2 1 2 3 H-06  H-07  H-08  4 H-09  5 H-10 

3 1 2 3 H-11  H-12  H-13  4 H-14  5 H-15 

4 1 2 3 H-16  H-17  H-18  4 H-19  5 H-20 

5 1 2 3 H-21  H-22  H-23  4 H-24  5 H-25 

1 1 2 3 H-26  H-27  H-28  4 H-29  5 H-30 

2 1 2 3 H-31  H-32  H-33  4 H-34  5 H-35 

3 1 2 3 H-36  H-37  H-38  4 H-39  5 H-40 

4 1 2 3 H-41  H-42  H-43  4 H-44  5 H-45 

5 1 2 3 H-46  H-47  H-48  4 H-49  5 H-50 

1 1 2 3 H-51  H-52  H-53  4 H-54  5 H-55 

2 1 2 3 H-56  H-57  H-58  4 H-59  5 H-60 

3 1 2 3 H-61  H-62  H-63  4 H-64  5 H-65 

4 1 2 3 H-66  H-67  H-68  4 H-69  5 H-70 

5 1 2 3 H-71  H-72  H-73  4 H-74  5 H-75 

1 1 2 3 H-76  H-77  H-78  4 H-79  5 H-80 

2 1 2 3 H-81  H-82  H-83  4 H-84  5 H-85 

3 1 2 3 H-86  H-87  H-88  4 H-89  5 H-90 

4 1 2 3 H-91  H-92  H-93  4 H-94  5 H-95 

5 1 2 3 H-96  H-97  H-98  4 H-99  5 H-100

1 1 2 3 4 5 H-101 H-102 H-103 H-104 H-105

2 1 2 3 4 5 H-106 H-107 H-108 H-109 H-110

3 1 2 3 4 5 H-111 H-112 H-113 H-114 H-115

4 1 2 3 4 5 H-116 H-117 H-118 H-119 H-120

5 1 2 3 4 5 H-121 H-122 H-123 H-124 H-125

1 1 2 3 4 5 H-126 H-127 H-128 H-129 H-130

2 1 2 3 4 5 H-131 H-132 H-133 H-134 H-135

3 1 2 3 4 5 H-136 H-137 H-138 H-139 H-140

4 1 2 3 4 5 H-141 H-142 H-143 H-144 H-145

5 1 2 3 4 5 H-146 H-147 H-148 H-149 H-150

1 1 2 3 4 5 H-151 H-152 H-153 H-154 H-155

2 1 2 3 4 5 H-156 H-157 H-158 H-159 H-160

3 1 2 3 4 5 H-161 H-162 H-163 H-164 H-165

4 1 2 3 4 5 H-166 H-167 H-168 H-169 H-170

5 1 2 3 4 5 H-171 H-172 H-173 H-174 H-175

1 1 2 3 H-176 H-177 H-178 4 H-179 5 H-180

2 1 2 3 H-181 H-182 H-183 4 H-184 5 H-185

3 1 2 3 H-186 H-187 H-188 4 H-189 5 H-190

4 1 2 3 H-191 H-192 H-193 4 H-194 5 H-195

5 1 2 3 H-196 H-197 H-198 4 H-199 5 H-200

1 1 2 3 H-201 H-202 H-203 4 H-204 5 H-205

2 1 2 3 H-206 H-207 H-208 4 H-209 5 H-210

3 1 2 3 H-211 H-212 H-213 4 H-214 5 H-215

4 1 2 3 H-216 H-217 H-218 4 H-219 5 H-220

5 1 2 3 H-221 H-222 H-223 4 H-224 5 H-225

1 1 2 3 H-226 H-227 H-228 4 H-229 5 H-230

2 1 2 3 H-231 H-232 H-233 4 H-234 5 H-235

3 1 2 3 H-236 H-237 H-238 4 H-239 5 H-240

4 1 2 3 H-241 H-242 H-243 4 H-244 5 H-245

5 1 2 3 H-246 H-247 H-248 4 H-249 5 H-250

1 1 2 3 H-251 H-252 H-253 4 H-254 5 H-255

2 1 2 3 H-256 H-257 H-258 4 H-259 5 H-260

3 1 2 3 H-261 H-262 H-263 4 H-264 5 H-265

4 1 2 3 H-266 H-267 H-268 4 H-269 5 H-270

5 1 2 3 H-271 H-272 H-273 4 H-274 5 H-275

1 1 2 3 H-276 H-277 H-278 4 H-279 5 H-280

2 1 2 3 H-281 H-282 H-283 4 H-284 5 H-285

3 1 2 3 H-286 H-287 H-288 4 H-289 5 H-290

4 1 2 3 H-291 H-292 H-293 4 H-294 5 H-295

5 1 2 3 H-296 H-297 H-298 4 H-299 5 H-300

1 1 2 3 H-301 H-302 H-303 4 H-304 5 H-305

2 1 2 3 H-306 H-307 H-308 4 H-309 5 H-310

3 1 2 3 H-311 H-312 H-313 4 H-314 5 H-315

4 1 2 3 H-316 H-317 H-318 4 H-319 5 H-320

5 1 2 3 H-321 H-322 H-323 4 H-324 5 H-325

1 1 2 3 4 5 H-326 H-327 H-328 H-329 H-330

2 1 2 3 4 5 H-331 H-332 H-333 H-334 H-335

3 1 2 3 4 5 H-336 H-337 H-338 H-339 H-340

4 1 2 3 4 5 H-341 H-342 H-343 H-344 H-345

5 1 2 3 4 5 H-346 H-347 H-348 H-349 H-350

TABLE 9 (II-I)

—O—L—E m9 n9 Compound No.

1 1 2 3 J-01  J-02  J-03  4 J-04  5 J-05 

2 1 2 3 J-06  J-07  J-08  4 J-09  5 J-10 

3 1 2 3 J-11  J-12  J-13  4 J-14  5 J-15 

4 1 2 3 J-16  J-17  J-18  4 J-19  5 J-20 

5 1 2 3 J-21  J-22  J-23  4 J-24  5 J-25 

1 1 2 3 J-26  J-27  J-28  4 J-29  5 J-30 

2 1 2 3 J-31  J-32  J-33  4 J-34  5 J-35 

3 1 2 3 J-36  J-37  J-38  4 J-39  5 J-40 

4 1 2 3 J-41  J-42  J-43  4 J-44  5 J-45 

5 1 2 3 J-46  J-47  J-48  4 J-49  5 J-50 

1 1 2 3 J-51  J-52  J-53  4 J-54  5 J-55 

2 1 2 3 J-56  J-57  J-58  4 J-59  5 J-60 

3 1 2 3 J-61  J-62  J-63  4 J-64  5 J-65 

4 1 2 3 J-66  J-67  J-68  4 J-69  5 J-70 

5 1 2 3 J-71  J-72  J-73  4 J-74  5 J-75 

1 1 2 3 J-76  J-77  J-78  4 J-79  5 J-80 

2 1 2 3 J-81  J-82  J-83  4 J-84  5 J-85 

3 1 2 3 J-86  J-87  J-88  4 J-89  5 J-90 

4 1 2 3 J-91  J-92  J-93  4 J-94  5 J-95 

5 1 2 3 J-96  J-97  J-98  4 J-99  5 J-100

1 1 2 3 4 5 J-101 J-102 J-103 J-104 J-105

2 1 2 3 4 5 J-106 J-107 J-108 J-109 J-110

3 1 2 3 4 5 J-111 J-112 J-113 J-114 J-115

4 1 2 3 4 5 J-116 J-117 J-118 J-119 J-120

5 1 2 3 4 5 J-121 J-122 J-123 J-124 J-125

1 1 2 3 4 5 J-126 J-127 J-128 J-129 J-130

2 1 2 3 4 5 J-131 J-132 J-133 J-134 J-135

3 1 2 3 4 5 J-136 J-137 J-138 J-139 J-140

4 1 2 3 4 5 J-141 J-142 J-143 J-144 J-145

5 1 2 3 4 5 J-146 J-147 J-148 J-149 J-150

1 1 2 3 4 5 J-151 J-152 J-153 J-154 J-155

2 1 2 3 4 5 J-156 J-157 J-158 J-159 J-160

3 1 2 3 4 5 J-161 J-162 J-163 J-164 J-165

4 1 2 3 4 5 J-166 J-167 J-168 J-169 J-170

5 1 2 3 4 5 J-171 J-172 J-173 J-174 J-175

1 1 2 3 J-176 J-177 J-178 4 J-179 5 J-180

2 1 2 3 J-181 J-182 J-183 4 J-184 5 J-185

3 1 2 3 J-186 J-187 J-188 4 J-189 5 J-190

4 1 2 3 J-191 J-192 J-193 4 J-194 5 J-195

5 1 2 3 J-196 J-197 J-198 4 J-199 5 J-200

1 1 2 3 J-201 J-202 J-203 4 J-204 5 J-205

2 1 2 3 J-206 J-207 J-208 4 J-209 5 J-210

3 1 2 3 J-211 J-212 J-213 4 J-214 5 J-215

4 1 2 3 J-216 J-217 J-218 4 J-219 5 J-220

5 1 2 3 J-221 J-222 J-223 4 J-224 5 J-225

1 1 2 3 J-226 J-227 J-228 4 J-229 5 J-230

2 1 2 3 J-231 J-232 J-233 4 J-234 5 J-235

3 1 2 3 J-236 J-237 J-238 4 J-239 5 J-240

4 1 2 3 J-241 J-242 J-243 4 J-244 5 J-245

5 1 2 3 J-246 J-247 J-248 4 J-249 5 J-250

1 1 2 3 J-251 J-252 J-253 4 J-254 5 J-255

2 1 2 3 J-256 J-257 J-258 4 J-259 5 J-260

3 1 2 3 J-261 J-262 J-263 4 J-264 5 J-265

4 1 2 3 J-266 J-267 J-268 4 J-269 5 J-270

5 1 2 3 J-271 J-272 J-273 4 J-274 5 J-275

1 1 2 3 J-276 J-277 J-278 4 J-279 5 J-280

2 1 2 3 J-281 J-282 J-283 4 J-284 5 J-285

3 1 2 3 J-286 J-287 J-288 4 J-289 5 J-290

4 1 2 3 J-291 J-292 J-293 4 J-294 5 J-295

5 1 2 3 J-296 J-297 J-298 4 J-299 5 J-300

1 1 2 3 J-301 J-302 J-303 4 J-304 5 J-305

2 1 2 3 J-306 J-307 J-308 4 J-309 5 J-310

3 1 2 3 J-311 J-312 J-313 4 J-314 5 J-315

4 1 2 3 J-316 J-317 J-318 4 J-319 5 J-320

5 1 2 3 J-321 J-322 J-323 4 J-324 5 J-325

1 1 2 3 4 5 J-326 J-327 J-328 J-329 J-330

2 1 2 3 4 5 J-331 J-332 J-333 J-334 J-335

3 1 2 3 4 5 J-336 J-337 J-338 J-339 J-340

4 1 2 3 4 5 J-341 J-342 J-343 J-344 J-345

5 1 2 3 4 5 J-346 J-347 J-348 J-349 J-350

TABLE 10 (II-K)

—O—L—E m10 n10 Compound No.

1 1 2 3 K-01  K-02  K-03  4 K-04  5 K-05 

2 1 2 3 K-06  K-07  K-08  4 K-09  5 K-10 

3 1 2 3 K-11  K-12  K-13  4 K-14  5 K-15 

4 1 2 3 K-16  K-17  K-18  4 K-19  5 K-20 

5 1 2 3 K-21  K-22  K-23  4 K-24  5 K-25 

1 1 2 3 K-26  K-27  K-28  4 K-29  5 K-30 

2 1 2 3 K-31  K-32  K-33  4 K-34  5 K-35 

3 1 2 3 K-36  K-37  K-38  4 K-39  5 K-40 

4 1 2 3 K-41  K-42  K-43  4 K-44  5 K-45 

5 1 2 3 K-46  K-47  K-48  4 K-49  5 K-50 

1 1 2 3 K-51  K-52  K-53  4 K-54  5 K-55 

2 1 2 3 K-56  K-57  K-58  4 K-59  5 K-60 

3 1 2 3 K-61  K-62  K-63  4 K-64  5 K-65 

4 1 2 3 K-66  K-67  K-68  4 K-69  5 K-70 

5 1 2 3 K-71  K-72  K-73  4 K-74  5 K-75 

1 1 2 3 K-76  K-77  K-78  4 K-79  5 K-80 

2 1 2 3 K-81  K-82  K-83  4 K-84  5 K-85 

3 1 2 3 K-86  K-87  K-88  4 K-89  5 K-90 

4 1 2 3 K-91  K-92  K-93  4 K-94  5 K-95 

5 1 2 3 K-96  K-97  K-98  4 K-99  5 K-100

1 1 2 3 4 5 K-101 K-102 K-103 K-104 K-105

2 1 2 3 4 5 K-106 K-107 K-108 K-109 K-110

3 1 2 3 4 5 K-111 K-112 K-113 K-114 K-115

4 1 2 3 4 5 K-116 K-117 K-118 K-119 K-120

5 1 2 3 4 5 K-121 K-122 K-123 K-124 K-125

1 1 2 3 4 5 K-126 K-127 K-128 K-129 K-130

2 1 2 3 4 5 K-131 K-132 K-133 K-134 K-135

3 1 2 3 4 5 K-136 K-137 K-138 K-139 K-140

4 1 2 3 4 5 K-141 K-142 K-143 K-144 K-145

5 1 2 3 4 5 K-146 K-147 K-148 K-149 K-150

1 1 2 3 4 5 K-151 K-152 K-153 K-154 K-155

2 1 2 3 4 5 K-156 K-157 K-158 K-159 K-160

3 1 2 3 4 5 K-161 K-162 K-163 K-164 K-165

4 1 2 3 4 5 K-166 K-167 K-168 K-169 K-170

5 1 2 3 4 5 K-171 K-172 K-173 K-174 K-175

1 1 2 3 K-176 K-177 K-178 4 K-179 5 K-180

2 1 2 3 K-181 K-182 K-183 4 K-184 5 K-185

3 1 2 3 K-186 K-187 K-188 4 K-189 5 K-190

4 1 2 3 K-191 K-192 K-193 4 K-194 5 K-195

5 1 2 3 K-196 K-197 K-198 4 K-199 5 K-200

1 1 2 3 K-201 K-202 K-203 4 K-204 5 K-205

2 1 2 3 K-206 K-207 K-208 4 K-209 5 K-210

3 1 2 3 K-211 K-212 K-213 4 K-214 5 K-215

4 1 2 3 K-216 K-217 K-218 4 K-219 5 K-220

5 1 2 3 K-221 K-222 K-223 4 K-224 5 K-225

1 1 2 3 K-226 K-227 K-228 4 K-229 5 K-230

2 1 2 3 K-231 K-232 K-233 4 K-234 5 K-235

3 1 2 3 K-236 K-237 K-238 4 K-239 5 K-240

4 1 2 3 K-241 K-242 K-243 4 K-244 5 K-245

5 1 2 3 K-246 K-247 K-248 4 K-249 5 K-250

1 1 2 3 K-251 K-252 K-253 4 K-254 5 K-255

2 1 2 3 K-256 K-257 K-258 4 K-259 5 K-260

3 1 2 3 K-261 K-262 K-263 4 K-264 5 K-265

4 1 2 3 K-266 K-267 K-268 4 K-269 5 K-270

5 1 2 3 K-271 K-272 K-273 4 K-274 5 K-275

1 1 2 3 K-276 K-277 K-278 4 K-279 5 K-280

2 1 2 3 K-281 K-282 K-283 4 K-284 5 K-285

3 1 2 3 K-286 K-287 K-288 4 K-289 5 K-290

4 1 2 3 K-291 K-292 K-293 4 K-294 5 K-295

5 1 2 3 K-296 K-297 K-298 4 K-299 5 K-300

1 1 2 3 K-301 K-302 K-303 4 K-304 5 K-305

2 1 2 3 K-306 K-307 K-308 4 K-309 5 K-310

3 1 2 3 K-311 K-312 K-313 4 K-314 5 K-315

4 1 2 3 K-316 K-317 K-318 4 K-319 5 K-320

5 1 2 3 K-321 K-322 K-323 4 K-324 5 K-325

1 1 2 3 4 5 K-326 K-327 K-328 K-329 K-330

2 1 2 3 4 5 K-331 K-332 K-333 K-334 K-335

3 1 2 3 4 5 K-336 K-337 K-338 K-339 K-340

4 1 2 3 4 5 K-341 K-342 K-343 K-344 K-345

5 1 2 3 4 5 K-346 K-347 K-348 K-349 K-350

TABLE 11 (II-M)

Compound —O—L—E n12 No.

2 3 M-01 M-02 4 M-03 5 M-04 6 M-05

2 3 4 M-06 M-07 M-08 5 M-09 6 M-10

2 3 M-11 M-12 4 M-13 5 M-14 6 M-15

2 3 M-16 M-17 4 M-18 5 M-19 6 M-20

2 3 4 5 M-21 M-22 M-23 M-24 6 M-25

2 3 4 5 6 M-26 M-27 M-28 M-29 M-30

2 3 4 5 6 M-31 M-32 M-33 M-34 M-35

2 3 M-36 M-37 4 M-38 5 M-39 6 M-40

2 3 4 M-41 M-42 M-43 5 M-44 6 M-45

2 3 M-46 M-47 4 M-48 5 M-49 6 M-50

2 3 4 M-51 M-52 M-53 5 M-54 6 M-55

2 3 M-56 M-57 4 M-58 5 M-59 6 M-60

2 3 4 M-61 M-62 M-63 5 M-64 6 M-65

2 3 4 5 M-66 M-67 M-68 M-69 6 M-70

TABLE 12 (II-N)

Compound —O—L—E n13 No.

1 2 N-01 N-02 3 N-03 4 N-04 5 N-05

1 2 3 N-06 N-07 N-08 4 N-09 5 N-10

1 2 N-11 N-12 3 N-13 4 N-14 5 N-15

1 2 3 N-16 N-17 N-18 4 N-19 5 N-20

1 2 3 4 N-21 N-22 N-23 N-24 5 N-25

1 2 3 4 N-26 N-27 N-28 N-29 5 N-30

1 2 3 4 5 N-31 N-32 N-33 N-34 N-35

1 2 3 N-36 N-37 N-38 4 N-39 5 N-40

1 2 3 N-41 N-42 N-43 4 N-44 5 N-45

1 2 N-46 N-47 3 N-48 4 N-49 5 N-50

1 2 3 N-51 N-52 N-53 4 N-54 5 N-55

1 2 N-56 N-57 3 N-58 4 N-59 5 N-60

1 2 3 N-61 N-62 N-63 4 N-64 5 N-65

1 2 3 4 N-66 N-67 N-68 N-69 5 N-70

TABLE 13 (II-O)

Compound —O—L—E n14 No.

2 3 O-01 O-02 4 O-03 5 O-04 6 O-05

2 3 4 O-06 O-07 O-08 5 O-09 6 O-10

2 3 O-11 O-12 4 O-13 5 O-14 6 O-15

2 3 4 O-16 O-17 O-18 5 O-19 6 O-20

2 3 4 5 O-21 O-22 O-23 O-24 6 O-25

2 3 4 5 O-26 O-27 O-28 O-29 6 O-30

2 3 4 5 6 O-31 O-32 O-33 O-34 O-35

2 3 4 O 36 O 37 O 38 5 O 39 6 O 40

2 3 O-41 O-42 4 O-43 5 O-44 6 O-45

2 3 O-46 O-47 4 O-48 5 O-49 6 O-50

2 3 O-51 O-52 4 O-53 5 O-54 6 O-55

2 3 O-56 O-57 4 O-58 5 O-59 6 O-60

2 3 4 O-61 O-62 O-63 5 O-64 6 O-65

2 3 4 5 O-66 O-67 O-68 O-69 6 O-70

TABLE 14 (II-P)

Compound —O—L—E n15 No.

1 2 P-01 P-02 3 P-03 4 P-04 5 P-05

1 2 3 P-06 P-07 P-08 4 P-09 5 P-10

1 2 P-11 P-12 3 P-13 4 P-14 5 P-15

1 2 3 P-16 P-17 P-18 4 P-19 5 P-20

1 2 3 4 P-21 P-22 P-23 P-24 5 P-25

1 2 3 4 P-26 P-27 P-28 P-29 5 P-30

1 2 3 4 5 P-31 P-32 P-33 P-34 P-35

1 2 P-36 P-37 3 P-38 4 P-39 5 P-40

1 2 P-41 P-42 3 P-43 4 P-44 5 P-45

1 2 P-46 P-47 3 P-48 4 P-49 5 P-50

1 2 P-51 P-52 3 P-53 4 P-54 5 P-55

1 2 P-56 P-57 3 P-58 4 P-59 5 P-60

1 2 3 P-61 P-62 P-63 4 P-64 5 P-65

1 2 3 4 P-66 P-67 P-68 P-69 5 P-70

TABLE 15 (II-Q)

Compd. —O—L—E m11 k1 n16 No.

10 1 1 2 Q-1 Q-2 3 Q-3 4 Q-4 5 Q-5

11 1 1 2 Q-6 Q-7 3 Q-8 4 Q-9 5 Q-10

12 1 1 2 Q-11 Q-12 3 Q-13 4 Q-14 5 Q-15

13 1 1 2 Q-16 Q-17 3 Q-18 4 Q-19 5 Q-20

14 1 1 2 Q-21 Q-22 3 Q-23 4 Q-24 5 Q-25

10 1 1 2 3 Q-26 Q-27 Q-28 4 Q-29 5 Q-30

11 1 1 2 3 Q-31 Q-32 Q-33 4 Q-34 5 Q-35

12 1 1 2 3 Q-36 Q-37 Q-38 4 Q-39 5 Q-40

13 1 1 2 3 Q-41 Q-42 Q-43 4 Q-44 5 Q-45

14 1 1 2 3 Q-46 Q-47 Q-48 4 Q-49 5 Q-50

10 2 1 2 Q-51 Q-52 3 Q-53 4 Q-54 5 Q-55

11 2 1 2 3 Q-56 Q-57 Q-58 4 Q-59 5 Q-60

12 2 1 2 3 Q-61 Q-62 Q-63 4 Q-64 5 Q-65

13 2 1 2 3 Q-66 Q-67 Q-68 4 Q-69 5 Q-70

14 2 1 2 Q-71 Q-72 3 Q-73 4 Q-74 5 Q-75

10 2 1 2 3 Q-76 Q-77 Q-78 4 Q-79 5 Q-80

11 2 1 2 3 Q-81 Q-82 Q-83 4 Q-84 5 Q-85

12 2 1 2 3 Q-86 Q-87 Q-88 4 Q-89 5 Q-90

13 2 1 2 3 Q-91 Q-92 Q-93 4 Q-94 5 Q-95

14 2 1 2 3 Q-96 Q-97 Q-98 4 Q-99 5 Q-100

10 1 1 2 Q-101 Q-102 3 Q-103 4 Q-104 5 Q-105

11 1 1 2 Q-106 Q-107 3 Q-108 4 Q-109 5 Q-110

12 1 1 2 Q-111 Q-112 3 Q-113 4 Q-114 5 Q-115

13 1 1 2 Q-116 Q-117 3 Q-118 4 Q-119 5 Q-120

14 1 1 2 3 Q-121 Q-122 Q-123 4 Q-124 5 Q-125

10 2 1 2 Q-126 Q-127 3 Q-128 4 Q-129 5 Q-130

11 2 1 2 3 Q-131 Q-132 Q-133 4 Q-134 5 Q-135

12 2 1 2 3 Q-136 Q-137 Q-138 4 Q-139 5 Q-140

13 2 1 2 Q-141 Q-142 3 Q-143 4 Q-144 5 Q-145

14 2 1 2 Q-146 Q-147 3 Q-148 4 Q-149 5 Q-150

10 1 1 2 Q-151 Q-152 3 Q-153 4 Q-154 5 Q-155

11 1 1 2 Q-156 Q-157 3 Q-158 4 Q-159 5 Q-160

12 1 1 2 Q-161 Q-162 3 Q-163 4 Q-164 5 Q-165

13 1 1 2 3 Q-166 Q-167 Q-168 4 Q-169 5 Q-170

14 1 1 2 Q-171 Q-172 3 Q-173 4 Q-174 5 Q-175

10 2 1 2 Q-176 Q-177 3 Q-178 4 Q-179 5 Q-180

11 2 1 2 Q-181 Q-182 3 Q-183 4 Q-184 5 Q-185

12 2 1 2 3 Q-186 Q-187 Q-188 4 Q-189 5 Q-190

13 2 1 2 Q-191 Q-192 3 Q-193 4 Q-194 5 Q-195

14 2 1 2 3 Q-196 Q-197 Q-198 4 Q-199 5 Q-200

10 1 1 2 3 4 5 Q-201 Q-202 Q-203 Q-204 Q-205

11 1 1 2 3 4 5 Q-206 Q-207 Q-208 Q-209 Q-210

12 1 1 2 3 4 Q-211 Q-212 Q-213 Q-214 5 Q-215

13 1 1 2 3 4 5 Q-216 Q-217 Q-218 Q-219 Q-220

14 1 1 2 3 4 Q-221 Q-222 Q-223 Q-224 5 Q-225

10 2 1 2 3 4 Q-226 Q-227 Q-228 Q-228 5 Q-230

11 2 1 2 3 4 Q-231 Q-232 Q-233 Q-234 5 Q-235

12 2 1 2 3 4 Q-236 Q-237 Q-238 Q-239 5 Q-240

13 2 1 2 3 4 Q-241 Q-242 Q-243 Q-244 5 Q-245

14 2 1 2 3 4 Q-246 Q-247 Q-248 Q-249 5 Q-250

10 1 1 2 3 4 Q-251 Q-252 Q-253 Q-254 5 Q-255

11 1 1 2 3 4 Q-256 Q-257 Q-258 Q-259 5 Q-260

12 1 1 2 3 4 Q-261 Q-262 Q-263 Q-264 5 Q-265

13 1 1 2 3 4 Q-266 Q-267 Q-268 Q-269 5 Q-270

14 1 1 2 3 4 Q-271 Q-272 Q-273 Q-274 5 Q-275

10 2 1 2 3 4 Q-276 Q-277 Q-278 Q-279 5 Q-280

11 2 1 2 3 4 5 Q-281 Q-282 Q-283 Q-284 Q-285

12 2 1 2 3 4 5 Q-286 Q-287 Q-288 Q-289 Q-290

13 2 1 2 3 4 5 Q-291 Q-292 Q-293 Q-294 Q-295

14 2 1 2 3 4 5 Q-296 Q-297 Q-298 Q-299 Q-300

10 1 1 2 3 4 5 Q-301 Q-302 Q-303 Q-304 Q-305

11 1 1 2 3 4 5 Q-306 Q-307 Q-308 Q-309 Q-310

12 1 1 2 3 4 5 Q-311 Q-312 Q-313 Q-314 Q-315

13 1 1 2 3 4 5 Q-316 Q-317 Q-318 Q-319 Q-320

14 1 1 2 3 4 5 Q-321 Q-322 Q-323 Q-324 Q-325

10 2 1 2 3 4 5 Q-326 Q-327 Q-328 Q-329 Q-330

11 2 1 2 3 4 5 Q-331 Q-332 Q-333 Q-334 Q-335

12 2 1 2 3 4 5 Q-336 Q-337 Q-338 Q-339 Q-340

13 2 1 2 3 4 5 Q-341 Q-342 Q-343 Q-344 Q-345

14 2 1 2 3 4 5 Q-346 Q-347 Q-348 Q-349 Q-350

10 1 1 2 Q-351 Q-352 3 Q-353 4 Q-354 5 Q-355

11 1 1 2 Q-356 Q-357 3 Q-358 4 Q-359 5 Q-360

12 1 1 2 Q-361 Q-362 3 Q-363 4 Q-364 5 Q-365

13 1 1 2 Q-366 Q-367 3 Q-368 4 Q-369 5 Q-370

14 1 1 2 Q-371 Q-372 3 Q-373 4 Q-374 5 Q-375

10 1 1 2 Q-376 Q-377 3 Q-378 4 Q-379 5 Q-380

11 1 1 2 Q-381 Q-382 3 Q-383 4 Q-384 5 Q-385

12 1 1 2 Q-386 Q-387 3 Q-388 4 Q-389 5 Q-390

13 1 1 2 Q-391 Q-392 3 Q-393 4 Q-394 5 Q-395

14 1 1 2 Q-396 Q-397 3 Q-398 4 Q-399 5 Q-400

10 2 1 2 Q-401 Q-402 3 Q-403 4 Q-404 5 Q-405

11 2 1 2 Q-406 Q-407 3 Q-408 4 Q-409 5 Q-410

12 2 1 2 Q-411 Q-412 3 Q-413 4 Q-414 5 Q-415

13 2 1 2 Q-416 Q-417 3 Q-418 4 Q-419 5 Q-420

14 2 1 2 Q-421 Q-422 3 Q-423 4 Q-424 5 Q-425

10 2 1 2 Q-426 Q-427 3 Q-428 4 Q-429 5 Q-430

11 2 1 2 Q-431 Q-432 3 Q-433 4 Q-434 5 Q-435

12 2 1 2 Q-436 Q-437 3 Q-438 4 Q-439 5 Q-440

13 2 1 2 Q-441 Q-442 3 Q-443 4 Q-444 5 Q-445

14 2 1 2 Q-446 Q-447 3 Q-448 4 Q-449 5 Q-450

10 1 1 2 Q-451 Q-452 3 Q-453 4 Q-454 5 Q-455

11 1 1 2 Q-456 Q-457 3 Q-458 4 Q-459 5 Q-460

12 1 1 2 Q-461 Q-462 3 Q-463 4 Q-464 5 Q-465

13 1 1 2 Q-466 Q-467 3 Q-468 4 Q-469 5 Q-470

14 1 1 2 Q-471 Q-472 3 Q-473 4 Q-474 5 Q-475

10 2 1 2 Q-476 Q-477 3 Q-478 4 Q-479 5 Q-480

11 2 1 2 Q-481 Q-482 3 Q-483 4 Q-484 5 Q-485

12 2 1 2 Q-486 Q-487 3 Q-488 4 Q-489 5 Q-490

13 2 1 2 Q-491 Q-492 3 Q-493 4 Q-494 5 Q-495

14 2 1 2 Q-496 Q-497 3 Q-498 4 Q-499 5 Q-500

10 1 1 2 Q-501 Q-502 3 Q-503 4 Q-504 5 Q-505

11 1 1 2 3 Q-506 Q-507 Q-508 4 Q-509 5 Q-510

12 1 1 2 Q-511 Q-512 3 Q-513 4 Q-514 5 Q-515

13 1 1 2 Q-516 Q-517 3 Q-518 4 Q-519 5 Q-520

14 1 1 2 3 Q-521 Q-522 Q-523 4 Q-524 5 Q-525

10 2 1 2 Q-526 Q-527 3 Q-528 4 Q-529 5 Q-530

11 2 1 2 Q-531 Q-532 3 Q-533 4 Q-534 5 Q-535

12 2 1 2 Q-536 Q-537 3 Q-538 4 Q-539 5 Q-540

13 2 1 2 Q-541 Q-542 3 Q-543 4 Q-544 5 Q-545

14 2 1 2 Q-546 Q-547 3 Q-548 4 Q-549 5 Q-550

10 1 1 2 Q-551 Q-552 3 Q-553 4 Q-554 5 Q-555

11 1 1 2 Q-556 Q-557 3 Q-558 4 Q-559 5 Q-560

12 1 1 2 Q-561 Q-562 3 Q-563 4 Q-564 5 Q-565

13 1 1 2 Q-566 Q-567 3 Q-568 4 Q-569 5 Q-570

14 1 1 2 Q-571 Q-572 3 Q-573 4 Q-574 5 Q-575

10 2 1 2 Q-576 Q-577 3 Q-578 4 Q-579 5 Q-580

11 2 1 2 Q-581 Q-582 3 Q-583 4 Q-584 5 Q-585

12 2 1 2 Q-586 Q-587 3 Q-588 4 Q-589 5 Q-590

13 2 1 2 Q-591 Q-592 3 Q-593 4 Q-594 5 Q-595

14 2 1 2 Q-596 Q-597 3 Q-598 4 Q-599 5 Q-600

10 1 1 2 Q-601 Q-602 3 Q-603 4 Q-604 5 Q-605

11 1 1 2 3 Q-606 Q-607 Q-608 4 Q-609 5 Q-610

12 1 1 2 3 Q-611 Q-612 Q-613 4 Q-614 5 Q-615

13 1 1 2 3 Q-616 Q-617 Q-618 4 Q-619 5 Q-620

14 1 1 2 3 Q-621 Q-622 Q-623 4 Q-624 5 Q-625

10 2 1 2 3 Q-626 Q-627 Q-628 4 Q-629 5 Q-630

11 2 1 2 3 Q-631 Q-632 Q-633 4 Q-634 5 Q-635

12 2 1 2 3 Q-636 Q-637 Q-638 4 Q-639 5 Q-640

13 2 1 2 3 Q-641 Q-642 Q-643 4 Q-644 5 Q-645

14 2 1 2 3 Q-646 Q-647 Q-648 4 Q-649 5 Q-650

10 1 1 2 3 4 Q-651 Q-652 Q-653 Q-654 5 Q-655

11 1 1 2 3 4 Q-656 Q-657 Q-658 Q-659 5 Q-660

12 1 1 2 3 4 Q-661 Q-662 Q-663 Q-664 5 Q-665

13 1 1 2 3 4 Q-666 Q-667 Q-668 Q-669 5 Q-670

14 1 1 2 3 4 Q-671 Q-672 Q-673 Q-674 5 Q-675

10 2 1 2 3 4 Q-676 Q-677 Q-678 Q-679 5 Q-680

11 2 1 2 3 4 Q-681 Q-682 Q-683 Q-684 5 Q-685

12 2 1 2 3 4 Q-686 Q-687 Q-688 Q-689 5 Q-690

13 2 1 2 3 4 Q-691 Q-692 Q-693 Q-694 5 Q-695

14 2 1 2 3 4 Q-696 Q-697 Q-698 Q-699 5 Q-700

Chemical Synthesis

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a synthetic method of the general formula (I) comprising:

-   A1) providing a disaccharide D1

-   -   wherein LG₁ is a leaving group, R_(1P) is P₄ or U_(5p);     -   U_(5p) is

-   B1) reacting D1 with a disaccharide D2

-   -   to obtain a saccharide O1a

-   -   -   wherein n is 1,

    -   when n is an integer from 2 to 20,

    -   then repeating following steps B2) and B3) for n−1 times

    -   B2) removing the protecting group P₃ of a saccharide obtained by         reacting with the saccharide D1;

    -   B3) reacting the saccharide D1 with the saccharide obtained         after the step B2) to obtain a saccharide O1a

-   -   -   wherein n is an integer from 2 to 20;

-   C) removing a protecting group P₆ of the saccharide O1a and     introducing an leaving group LG₂ to obtain a saccharide O1b

-   D1) coupling the saccharide O1b with a reactant HO-L-E_(p) to obtain     a saccharide O1c

-   -   or

-   D2) reacting the saccharide O1b with a saccharide M1

-   -   to obtain a saccharide O2a

-   -   optionally,

-   E1) removing the protecting group P₃ of the saccharide (O1c) to     obtain a saccharide O1d,

-   -   reacting the saccharide O1d with a saccharide M2

-   -   to obtain a saccharide O3a

-   -   or

-   E2) removing the protecting group P₃ of the saccharide (O2a) to     obtain a saccharide O2b,

-   -   reacting the saccharide O2b with a saccharide M2

-   -   to obtain a saccharide O4a

-   -   and

-   F1) removing all protecting groups of the saccharide O1c, O2a, O3a     or O4a to obtain a corresponding saccharide of formula (I-1), (I-2),     (I-3), or (I-4),

-   -   wherein E_(p) is a protected end group, LG₁-LG₃ are leaving         groups,     -   P₁, P₂, P₃, P₅, P₆, P₇, P₈, P₉, P₁₀, P₁₁, P₁₂, P₁₃, and P₁₄         represent protecting groups, and L, E, R₁, R_(1p) have the same         meanings as defined herein.

Preferably R_(1p) is P₄.

Therefore, according to the above described synthetic method, following combinations of the steps may be carried out to obtain the inventive synthetic saccharides:

Steps: A1)→B1)→C)→D1)→F1), A1)→B1)→C)→D2)→F1), A1)→B1)→C)→D1)→E1)→F1), or A1)→B1)→C)→D2)→E2)→F1).

Alternatively, a method for synthesis of a saccharide of general formula (I) comprising:

-   A2) providing a disaccharide D6

-   -   wherein R_(1P) is P₄ or U_(5p);     -   U_(5p) is

-   B1′) reacting the saccharide D6 with a saccharide D8

-   -   to obtain a saccharide O2b

-   -   -   wherein n is 1;

    -   when n is an integer from 2 to 20,

    -   then repeating the following steps B2) and B3) for n−1 times

-   B2) removing the protecting group P₈ of a saccharide obtained by     reacting with the saccharide D6;

-   B3) reacting the saccharide D6 with the saccharide obtained after     the step B2) to obtain a saccharide O3b

-   -   wherein n is an integer from 2 to 20,     -   optionally,

-   E3) removing the protecting group P₈ of the saccharide O3b to obtain     a saccharide O3c,

and

-   E4) reacting the saccharide O3c with a saccharide M3

-   -   to obtain a saccharide O4b

-   -   or

-   E5) reacting the saccharide O3c with a disaccharide D4

-   -   to obtain a saccharide O5a

-   -   wherein m is 1,     -   when m is an integer from 2 to 20,     -   then repeating the following steps e5) and e6) for m−1 times     -   e5) removing the protecting group P₃′ of a saccharide obtained         by reacting with the monosaccharide D4;     -   e6) reacting the saccharide D4 with the saccharide obtained         after the step e5) to obtain a saccharide O5a

-   -   wherein m is an integer from 2 to 20;     -   or

-   E6) reacting the saccharide O3c with a disaccharide D5

-   -   wherein LG₇ represents a leaving group     -   to obtain a saccharide O5b

-   -   wherein m is 1,     -   when m is an integer from 1 to 20,     -   then repeating following steps e7) and e8) for m−1 times     -   e7) removing the protecting group P₉′ of a saccharide obtained         by reacting with the monosaccharide D5;     -   e8) reacting the saccharide D5 with the saccharide obtained         after the step e7) to obtain a saccharide O5b

-   -   -   wherein m is an integer from 2 to 20;

    -   e9) removing a protecting groups P_(N) and converting resulting         —NH₂ groups to —NHAc groups to obtain a saccharide O5c

-   F2) removing all protecting groups of the saccharide O3b, O4b, O5a,     or O5c, to obtain a corresponding saccharide of the formula (I-5),     (I-6), (I-7), or (I-8),

-   -   wherein E_(p) is a protected end group; LG₄- LG₇ are leaving         groups; P_(N), P₁, P₂, P₂′, P₃, P₃′, P₄, P₄′, P₅, P₅′, P₆, P₇,         P₇′, P₈, P₈′, P₉, P₉′, P₁₀, P₁₀′, P₁₁, P₁₂, P₁₃, and P₁₄         represent protecting groups, and L, E, R₁, R_(1p), m, and n have         the same meanings as defined herein.

Preferably R_(1p) is P₄, and R₁ is H.

Therefore, according to the above described synthetic method, following combinations of the steps may be carried out to obtain the inventive synthetic saccharides:

Steps: A2)→B1)→E3)→F2), A2)→B1)→B2)→B3)→E3)→F2), A2)→B1′)→B2′)→B3′)→E3)→E4)→F2), A2)→B1′)→B2′)→B3′)→E3)→E5)→F2), A2)→B1′)→B2′)→B3)→E3)→E5)→F2).

P₁, P₂, P₂′, P₃, P₃′, P₄, P₄′, P₅, P₅′, P₆, P₇, P₇′, P₈, P₈′, P₉, P₉′, P₁₀, P₁₀′, P₁₁, P₁₂, P₁₃ and P₁₄ represent protecting groups. The term “protecting group” as used herein refers to commonly used groups in organic synthesis, preferably used for protection hydroxyl groups, and thiols. P_(N) represents protecting group used for protection amine group.

More preferably, P₁, P₂′, P₃, P₃′, P₄, P₄′, P₅, P₅′, P₆, P₇, P₇′, P₈, P₈′, P₉, P₉′, P₁₀, P₁₀′, P₁₁, P₁₂, P₁₃ and P₁₄ are suitable protecting groups for hydroxyl groups, more preferably different suitable protecting groups for hydroxyl groups capable of being removed subsequently one after another by a suitable sequence of deprotection reactions. Preferred protecting groups for hydroxyl groups are acetyl, phenyl, benzyl, isopropylidene, benzylidene, naphthylidene, benzoyl, p-methoxybenzyl, p-bromobenzyl, p-methoxybenzyl idene, p-methoxyphenyl, p-bromobenzylidene, p-nitrophenyl, allyl, trichloroacetyl, (2-nitrophenyl)acetyl, isopropyl, p-bromobenzyl, dimethoxytrityl, trityl, 2-naphthylmethyl, pivaloyl, chloroacetyl, triisopropylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, tert-butylmethoxy phenylsilyl, triethylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, 2-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl, 9-fluorenyl methoxycarbonyl, benzyloxymethyl, methyloxymethyl, tert-butyloxymethyl, methoxyethyloxymethyl, levulinoyl and P_(N) represents 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonyl (Troc) or 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc).

Specifically, protecting groups P₁ and P₆ represent phenyl, protecting groups P₃ and P₃′ represent 2-naphthylmethyl, protecting groups P₂, P₄, P₄′, P₅′, P₁₁, P₁₂, and P₁₄ represent benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, protecting groups P₂′, P₅, P₇, P₇′, P₈, P₈′, P₉, P₁₀, P₁₀′, and P₁₃ are benzoyl, and protecting group P₆ represents butyldimethylsilyl. Optionally, OP₄ and OP₅, OP₄′ and OP₅′ form a phenyl hemiacetal. P₉′ is benzoyl or levulinoyl. P_(N) is 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl carbonyl (Troc).

Examples of leaving groups suitable for the present synthesis are well known to the person skilled in carbohydrate chemistry and include halides, thioethers, imidates, acetate, and phosphate.

Preferably, leaving groups LG₁, LG₂, LG₃, LG₄, LG₅, LG₆ and LG₇ are selected from halogen (Cl, Br, F, I), —O—C(═NH)—CCl₃, —O—C(═NPh)-CF₃, —OAc, —SR^(L), —SO-Ph, —O—(CH₂)₃—CH═CH₂, —O—P(OR^(L))₂, —O—PO(OR^(L))₂, —O—CO—OR^(L), —O—CO—SR^(L), —O—CS—SR^(L),

—O—CS—OR^(L),

wherein R^(L) may be any alkyl or aryl group, preferably, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, phenyl or toluyl.

Preferably, leaving groups LG₁, LG₂, LG₃, LG₄, LG₅, LG₆ and LG₇ are selected from the group of leaving groups consisting of:

As mentioned, the provision of an oxocarbenium intermediate relies on the activation of the leaving group installed at the anomeric position of the glycosylating agent with an appropriate or suitable activating agent. It is common knowledge for the skilled person that suitable activating agents for phosphate (i.e. phosphate activating agents) and imidate (i.e. imidate activating agents) are Lewis acids, such as silyl triflate or silver triflate, while suitable activating agents for thioether i.e. thioether activating agents include, but are not restricted to: NIS/TfOH, NIS/TMSOTf, NIS/BF₃.Et₂O, NIS/AgOTf, DMTST/Tf₂O, IDPC, BSP/Tf₂O, Ph₂SO/Tf₂O. Examples of silyl triflate include, but are not restricted to trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, tert-butyl dimethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, triiospropyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.

Preferably, LG₁, LG₂, LG₃, LG₄, LG₅, LG₆ and LG₇ are thioethers (see Carbohydr. Res. 2015, 13-22) and even more preferred is when LG₁, LG₂, LG₃, LG₄, LG₅, LG₆ and LG₇ are selected from the group consisting of:

E_(p) represents a protected end group. E represents —NH₂, —N₃, —CN, —O—NH₂, —CH═CH₂, —C≡CH, —Br, —Cl, —I, —CO₂R′, —CONHNH₂, —SH, or —SAc; and The corresponding protected end group E_(p) represents —N(P_(N1))(P_(N2)), —N₃, —CN, —O—N(P_(N1))(P_(N2)), —CH═CH₂, —C≡CH, —Br, —Cl, —I, —CO₂R′, —CONHN(P_(N1))(P_(N2)), —SP_(s), or —SAc;

P_(N1), and P_(N2) are suitable protecting groups for amines and form together with the amine to be protected carbamates or amides. Examples of protecting groups forming carbamates include tert-butyloxy carbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbonyl, allyl carbonyl, trichloroethyl carbonyl and benzyloxy carbonyl. Examples of protecting groups forming amides include acetyl or trichloro acetyl. Preferably, protecting group P¹² represents benzyl and protecting group P¹³ represents benzyloxy carbonyl.

P_(s) is suitable protecting group for thiol and selected from phenyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, p-methoxyphenyl, p-nitrophenyl, and allyl.

The coupling reaction between the saccharides can be performed in the presence of a glycosylation reagent. Suitable reagents include, but are not restricted to: AgOTf, BF₃.OEt₂, trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH), trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf₂O, triflic anhydride), lanthanoid(III) triflates, NIS/AgOTf, NIS/TfOH or dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DMTST).

It is preferred that the coupling reaction between saccharides in the steps B1), B1′), B1″), B1″′), B3), B3′), B3″), B3″′), B5″), B5″′), D1), D2), E1), E2), E4), E5), E6), a4), e6), e8) is performed by activation with NIS/TfOH or TBSOTf, in a mixture of a polar solvent and polar aprotic solvent at a temperature of between −80° C. and −60° C. Even more preferred is that said reaction is performed by activation with TBSOTf, in a mixture of toluene and diethyl ether at −70° C.

Preferably, the coupling reaction between the monosaccharide M5 and the saccharide M3 in step a4) is performed by activation with TBSOTf in an apolar solvent at a temperature of between −10° C. to +10° C.

The removal of protecting groups P¹, P³, P⁵-P¹³ performed at steps F1)-F3) involves:

-   -   first cleavage of the base-labile protecting groups by treatment         with a base in presence of hydrogen peroxide in a mixture of         solvents. Preferably, the base is NaOMe or LiOH; and     -   second cleavage of the protecting groups sensitive to         hydrogenation by subjecting the compound to hydrogen in presence         of a palladium catalyst in a mixture of solvents.

A further aspect according to the present invention refers to an intermediate compound for preparing a saccharide of the general formula (I), wherein the intermediate compound has any one of general formulae (O1b), (O1c), (O1d), (O2a), (O2b), (O3a), (O3b), (O3c), (O4a), (O4b), (O5a), (O5b) and (O5c):

-   -   wherein, LG₂ represents a leaving group; E_(p) is protected end         group,         -   P_(N), P₂, P2′, P₃′, P₄, P₄′, P₅, P₅′, P₇, P₇′, P₈, P₈′, P₉,             P₉′, P₁₀, P₁₀′, P₁₁, P₁₂, P₁₃ and P₁₄ represent protecting             groups, and L, R_(1p), m, and n have the same meanings as             defined above.

In formulae (O1b), (O1c), (O1d), (O2a), (O2b), (O3a), (O3b), (O3c), (O4a), (O4b), (O5a), (O5b) and (O5c), preferably the linker -L- represents -L^(a)-, -L^(a)-L^(e)-, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e)-, or -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)-;

-L^(a)- represents —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂;

-L^(b)- represents —O—, —NH—CO—NH—, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—, —NH—CO—; -L^(d)-represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CH(OH))_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—CH₂—;

-L^(e)- represents —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)— or —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—; and

o, q, p1 and p2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, with the proviso that L is not —C₃H₆— if -E is —NH₂.

An especially preferred intermediate is an intermediate of formula (O1b), (O1c), (O1d), (O2a), (O2b), (O3a), (O3b), (O3c), (O4a), (O4b), (O5a), (O5b), and (O5c), wherein -L- represents —(CH₂)_(o)— and o is an integer selected from 4, 5 and 6.

P₂, P₂′, P₃′, P₄, P₄′, P₅, P₅′, P₇, P₈, P₉, P₁₀, P₁₁, P₁₂, P₁₃, and P₁₄ are suitable protecting groups for hydroxyl groups, more preferably different suitable protecting groups for hydroxyl groups capable of being removed subsequently one after another by a suitable sequence of deprotection reactions. Preferred protecting groups for hydroxyl groups are acetyl, phenyl, benzyl, isopropylidene, benzylidene, naphthylidene, benzoyl, p-methoxybenzyl, p-bromobenzyl, p-methoxybenzylidene, p-methoxyphenyl, p-bromobenzylidene, p-nitrophenyl, allyl, trichloroacetyl, (2-nitrophenyl)acetyl, isopropyl, p-bromobenzyl, dimethoxytrityl, trityl, 2-naphthylmethyl, pivaloyl, chloroacetyl, triisopropylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, tert-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl, triethylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, 2-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, benzyloxymethyl, methyloxymethyl, tert-butyloxymethyl, methoxyethyloxymethyl and levulinoyl.

P_(N) represents protecting group used for protection amine group, more preferably 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl carbonyl (Troc) or Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc).

Thus, intermediates (O1b), (O1c), (Old), (O2a), (O2b), (O3a), (O3b), (O3c), (O4a), (O4b), (O5a), (O5b) and (O5c), are especially preferred: protecting groups P₁ and P₆ represent phenyl, protecting groups P₃ and P₃′ represent 2-naphthylmethyl, protecting groups P₂, P₄, P₄′, P₅′, P₁₁, P₁₂ and P₁₄ represent benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, protecting groups P₂′, P₅, P₇, P₇′, P₈, P₈′, P₉, P₁₀, P₁₀′ and P₁₃ are benzoyl, P₉′ is benzoyl or levulinoyl and protecting group P₆ represents butyldimethylsilyl. P_(N) is 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl carbonyl (Troc). Optionally, OP₄ and OP₅, OP₄′ and OP₅′ form a phenyl hemiacetal.

A further aspect of the present invention refers to a compound of formula (I-1)-(I-5):

wherein m, n, L, E, R¹, R*, R1′ and R*′ have the meanings as defined herein. Glycoconjugates

Another aspect of the present invention refers to a conjugate comprising a saccharide according to the present invention. Surprisingly, said conjugate proved to be efficient as a vaccine for immunization against diseases associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria.

Preferred, the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria is selected from O-serotypes comprising or consisting of O1, O2, O2ac, O3, O4, O5, O7, O8, O12 and subtypes thereof and carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Preferred, O-serotypes O1, O2a, O2ac, O2ae, O2aeh, O2afg, O8, and CRKP strain ST 258, more preferred O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2afg (Galactan-III), O8, CRKP strain ST 258. Still more preferred, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains serotypes are O1:K1, O1:K2, O1:K7, O1:K8, O1:K10, O1:K12, O1:K16, O1:K19, O1:K21, O1:K22, O1:K27, O1:K34, O1:K42, O1:K45, O1:K55, O1:K57, O1:K62, O1:K65, O1:K66, O1:K69 and O1:K70, O2a, O2ac, and CRKP strain ST 258.

Saccharides are known by the person skilled in the art as generally TI-2 (T cell independent-2) antigens and poor immunogens, if they are not immunogenic. TI-2 antigens are antigens, which are recognized only by mature B cells through the cross linking of surface exposed immunoglobulin receptors. Without T cell help, no immunological memory is generated and neither isotype switching from IgM to other IgG subclasses, nor B cells affinity maturation occurs. Moreover, saccharides are known poor immunogens in humans due to the structural homology to human glycolipids and glycoproteins. Due to their poor immunogenic properties, saccharides manifest poor ability to produce both antibody production by B cells, as well as the formation of memory cells, features which are essential for the production of potent vaccines.

Therefore, to produce a potent saccharide-based vaccine, the saccharides of general formulae (I), (I-1)-(I-5), and (II-1)-(II-17), preferred saccharides A-01-A-140, B-01-B-140, C-01-C-70, D-01-D-70, E-01-E-70, F-01-F-530, G-01-G-350, H-01-H-350, J-01-J-350, K-01-K-350, M-01-M-70, N-01-N-70, O-01-O-70, P-01-P-70 and Q-1-Q-700 are conjugated to an immunogenic carrier to provide conjugates, which present increased immunogenicity in comparison with the saccharide. Hence, under the scope of the present application is covered also a conjugate of general formula (III)

-   -   wherein     -   i is an integer selected from 2 to 25; preferably 2 to 18     -   -E₁- represents a covalent bond, —NH—, —O—NH—, —O—, —S—, —CO—,         —CH═CH, —CONH—, —CO—NHNH—,

-   -   -T- represents

-   -   a represents an integer from 1 to 10;     -   b represents an integer from 1 to 4;     -   CP is a carrier protein; and     -   U₁, U₂, U₃, U₄, U₅ L, m, n, k, x, and y have the same meanings         as defined herein.

Preferably E₁ is a covalent bond, —NH—, —CH═CH—, —CONH—,

Said conjugate consists of at least one synthetic saccharide of the general formula (I) and an immunogenic carrier, preferred carrier proteins, to which the at least one saccharide (I) is covalently bound.

Surprisingly, it was found that immunization with a conjugate comprising a saccharide of general formula (I) covalently linked to an immunogenic carrier, preferred carrier proteins, results in the production of high titers of antibodies specific to the carbohydrate part of the saccharide of general formula (I) Said antibodies are cross-reacting with the Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1, O2, O2ac, O8 O-polysaccharide as well as carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 O-polysaccharide and present opsonophagocytosis and bactericidal activity, thus conferring protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Preferred, the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria is selected from O-serotypes comprising or consisting of O1, O2, O2ac, O3, O4, O5, O7, O8, O12 and subtypes thereof and carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Preferred, O-serotypes O1, O2a, O2ac, O2ae, O2aeh, O2afg (Galactan-III), O8, and CRKP strain ST 258, more preferred O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2afg, O8, CRKP strain ST 258. Still more preferred, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains serotypes are O1:K1, O1:K2, O1:K7, O1:K8, O1:K10, O1:K12, O1:K16, O1:K19, O1:K21, O1:K22, O1:K27, O1:K34, O1:K42, O1:K45, O1:K55, O1:K57, O1:K62, O1:K65, O1:K66, O1:K69 and O1:K70, O2a, O2ac, and CRKP strain ST 258.

Vaccines containing at least one conjugate of the present invention cause fewer side effects and/or non-protective immune responses in comparison to vaccines containing isolated (and not synthesized) mixtures of saccharides obtained by non-selective cleavage of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae or conjugates thereof. Moreover, the inventive vaccines can be easier manufactured in accordance with the GMP regulations than the vaccines containing isolated mixtures of non-selectively cleaved capsular polysaccharides and are easier characterized, which makes stability and purity control easier as well as detection of kind and amount of impurities.

In this context the term “immunogenic carrier” is defined as a structure, which is conjugated to the saccharide to form a conjugate that presents an increased immunity in comparison with the saccharide per se. Thus, the conjugate (III) is obtained by conjugation of the saccharides of the general formulae (I), (I-1)-(I-5), (II-1)-(II-17), preferred the saccharides A-01-A-140, B-01-B-140, C-01-C-70, D-01-D-70, E-01-E-70, F-01-F-530, G-01-G-350, H-01-H-350, J-01-J-350, K-01-K-350, M-01-M-70, N-01-N-70 and O-01-O-70, P-01-P-70 and Q-1-Q-700 to the immunogenic carrier has as effect the stimulation of the immune response against the saccharide of general formula (I) without inducing an immune response against said immunogenic carrier.

Most preferred, the conjugate (III) is obtained by conjugation of the saccharides selected from the group consisting of: compounds A-01-A-07, A-11-A17, A-21-A-27, A-31-A-37, A-41-A-47, A-51-A-57, A-61-A-67, A-71-A-77, A-81-A-87, A-91-A-97, A-101-A-107, A-111-A-117, A-121-A-127, A-131-A-137, F-01, F-19, F-27, F-31, F-36, F-54, F-62, F-66, F-71, F-89, F-97, F-101, F-106, F-124, F-132, F-136, F-141, F-159, F-167, F-171, F-176, F-194, F-202, F-206, F-211, F-229, F-237, F-241, F-246, F-264, F-299, F-281, F-272, F-276, F-307, F-311, F-316, F-334, F-342, F-346, F-351, F-414, F-417, F-421, F-426, F-444, F-452, F-456, F-461, F-479, F-487, F-491, F-496, F-514, F-522, F-526, K-01, K-06, K-11, K-26, K-31, K-36, K-51, K-56, K-61, K-76, K-81, K-86, K-101, K-106, K-111, K-126, K-131, K-136, K-151, K-156, K-161, K-176, K-181, K-186, K-201, K-206, K-211, K-226, K-231, K-236, K-251, K-256, K-261, K-276, K-281, K-286, K-301, K-306, K-311, K-326, K-331, K-336, O-01, O-02, O-03, O-06, O-07, O-08, O-11, O-12, O-13, O-16, O-17, O-18, O-21, O-22, O-23, O-26, O-27, O-28, O-31, O-32, O-33, O-36, O-37, O-38, O-41, O-42, O-43, O-46, O-47, O-48, O-51, O-52, O-53, O-56, O-57, O-58, O-61, O-62, O-63, O-66, O-67, O-88, P-01-P-03, P-06-P-08, P-11-P-13, P-16-P-18, P-21-P-23, P-26-P-28, P-31-P-33, P-36-P-38, P-41-P-43, P-46-P-48, P-51-P-53, P-56-P-58, P-61-P-63, P-66-P-68, Q-1, Q-26, Q-101, Q-151, Q-251, Q-301, Q-351, Q-376, Q-451, Q-501, Q-551, Q-601 and Q-651. Include from 53

Preferred immunogenic carriers are carrier proteins (CP) or glycosphingolipids with immunomodulatory properties. For the person skilled in the art, a carrier protein (CP) is a protein selected from the group comprising or consisting of: a diphtheria toxoid, a mutated diphtheria toxoid, a modified diphtheria toxoid, a mutated and modified diphtheria toxoid, a tetanus toxoid, a modified tetanus toxoid, a mutated tetanus toxoid, outer membrane protein (OMP), bovine serum albumin (BSA), keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH), recombinant non-toxic form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (rEPA) or cholera toxoid (CT). The term “toxoid” as used herein refers to a bacterial toxin (usually an exotoxin), whose toxicity has been inactivated or suppressed either by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment, while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained. A mutated toxoid as used herein is a recombinant bacterial toxin, which has been amended to be less toxic or even non-toxic by amending the wild-type amino acid sequence. Such a mutation could be a substitution of one or more amino acids. Such a mutated toxoid presents on its surface a functionality that can react with the functional group Y of the interconnecting molecule to provide a modified toxoid. Said functionality is known to the person skilled in the art and includes, but is not restricted to the primary amino functionality of a lysine residue that can react with activated esters, an isocyanate group or an aldehyde in presence of a reducing agent, to the carboxylate functionality of a glutamate or aspartate residue that can be activated by carbodiimides or to the thiol functionality of a cysteine residue.

Activated esters include N-(γ-maleimidobutyryloxy) sulfosuccinimide ester (sulfo-GMBS), succinimidyl (4-iodoacetyl) aminobenzoate (sulfo-SIAB), succinimidyl-3-(bromoacetamido)propionate (SBAP), disuccinimidyl glutarate (DSG), disuccinimidyl adipate (DSA), 2-pyridyldithiol-tetraoxatetradecane-N-hydroxysuccinimide (PEG-4-SPDP), bis-(4-nitrophenyl) adipate and bis-(4-nitrophenyl) succinate (see FIG. 3). Preferred activated esters are disuccinimidyl adipate (DSA), disuccinimidyl glutarate (DSG), bis-(4-nitrophenyl) adipate and bis-(4-nitrophenyl) succinate.

The cysteine residue on the carrier protein can be converted to the corresponding dehydroalanine that can be further reacted with a suitable interconnecting molecule to provide modified carrier protein having on their surface the functional group X of the interconnecting molecule.

It is especially preferred that the saccharides of general formula (I) are conjugated to the non-toxic mutated diphtheria toxin CRM₁₉₇ as carrier protein (CP) presenting as a functionality a primary amine functionality of a lysine residue.

CRM₁₉₇ like wild-type diphtheria toxin is a single polypeptide chain of 535 amino acids (58 kD) consisting of two subunits linked by disulfide bridges having a single amino acid substitution of glutamic acid for glycine. It is used as a carrier protein in a number of approved conjugate vaccines for diseases, such as Prevnar.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention the carrier protein presents on its surface primary amino functionalities of lysine residues that are able to react with the functional group Y of the interconnecting molecule to provide modified carrier protein having on their surface said functional group X of the interconnecting molecule, which is able to react with the terminal amino group of the linker of the compounds of general formula (I).

Said functional group X of the interconnecting molecules is selected of the group comprising or consisting of maleimide, α-iodoacetyl, α-bromoacetyl, N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS), aldehyde, imidoester, carboxylic acid, alkyl sulfonate, sulfonyl chloride, epoxide, anhydride, carbonate.

Preferred is a conjugate of general formula (IV)

wherein i is an integer selected from 2 to 25, preferably 2-18 -E₁- represents a covalent bond, —NH—, —O—NH—, —S—, —CO—, —CH═CH—, —CONH—, —CO—NHNH—,

-   -   -T- represents

-   -   a represents an integer from 1 to 10;     -   b represents an integer from 1 to 4; and     -   U₁, U₂, U₃, U₄, U₅, L, m, n, k, x, and y have the same meanings         as defined herein such as in general formula (I).

Preferred is a conjugate of general formula (IV)

wherein i is an integer selected from 2 to 25, preferably 2-18; -E₁- represents a covalent bond, —NH—, —O—NH—, —S—, —CO—, —CH═CH, —CONH—, —CO—NHNH—,

-   -   -T- represents

a represents an integer from 1 to 10; b represents an integer from 1 to 4; and when U₂-U₁ represents

m cannot be 0 and U₅-U₄ cannot be U₂-U₁; U₁, U₂, U₃, U₄, U₅, L, m, n, k, x, and y have the same meanings as defined herein such as in general formula (I).

Check 115-129

Preferably E₁ is a covalent bond, —NH—, —CH═CH—, —CONH—,

Preferred is the conjugate of the formula (IV)

wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond or

k is 0, L, E₁, i, m, n, x, and y have the same meanings as defined herein, or anomers, hydrates, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Preferred is also the conjugate of the formula (IV)

wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   m is 0;     -   L, E₁, i, n, k, x, and y have the same meanings as defined         herein.

Preferred, are synthetic saccharides of general formula (IV), wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

U₄ represents

-   -   U5 represents a covalent bond, or

m is an integer selected from 0 and 1; L, E₁, i, n, k, x, and y have the meanings as defined herein.

Preferred is the conjugate of the formula (IV) wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond,

-   -   m is an integer from 0 or 1,     -   L, E₁, i, n, k, x, and y have the same meanings as defined         herein.

Preferred is the conjugate of the formula (IV), wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond, or

m is an integer from 1 to 10, L, E₁, i, n, k, x, and y have the same meanings as defined herein.

Preferred is also the conjugate of the formula (V)

wherein U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond or

L, E₁, i, m, n, k, x, and y have the same meanings as defined herein.

Preferred is also the conjugate of the formula (V), wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

m is 0, L, E₁, i, n, k, x, and y have the same meanings as defined herein.

Preferred is also the conjugate of the formula (V), wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

m is 0, L, E₁, i, n, k, x, and y have the same meanings as defined herein.

Preferred is also the conjugate of the formula (V), wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

m is 0, L, E₁, i, n, k, x, and y have the same meanings as defined herein.

Preferred is also the conjugate of the formula (V), wherein

-   -   U₁ represents

-   -   U₂ represents

-   -   U₄ represents

-   -   U₅ represents a covalent bond, or

m is an integer from 1 to 10; L, E₁, i, n, k, x, and y have the same meanings as defined herein.

More preferred is a conjugate of any one of the formulae (V-1)-(V-14):

-   -   wherein     -   R¹ and R* represent independently —H, or

-   -   wherein R¹ and R* cannot be simultaneously

-   -   and     -   L, E₁, T, i, m, k, and n have the same meanings as defined         above, preferably, n and m is an integer from 1 to 10.

More preferred the conjugate of any one of the formulae (III), (IV), (V) and (V-1)-(V-14), wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10.

More preferred the conjugate of any one of the formulae (III), (IV), (V) and (V-1)-(V-14), wherein i is selected from 4 to 10.

Preferably-T- represents

and a is an integer selected from 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Thus, a conjugate of any one of general formulae (IV), (V) and (V-1)-(V-17), wherein -T- represents

and a is an integer selected from 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is especially preferred.

Preferably, the linker-L-represents -L^(a)-, -L^(a)-L^(e)-, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e)-, or -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)-; -L^(a)- represents —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂; -L^(b)- represents —O—, —NH—CO—NH—, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—, —NH—CO—; -L^(d)-represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CH(OH))_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—CH₂—;

-L^(e)- represents —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)— or —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—; and

o, q, p1 and p2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6

In the most preferred embodiment, E₁ is a covalent bond, —NH—, —CH═CH—, —CONH—,

In another embodiment, said immunogenic carrier is preferably a glycosphingolipid with immunomodulatory properties, and more preferably (2S,3S,4R)-1-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-hexacosanoylaminooctadecane-3,4-diol. The term glycosphingolipid with immunomodulatory properties, as used herein, refers to a suitable glycosphingolipid capable of stimulating the immune system's response to a target antigen, but which does not in itself confer immunity as defined above.

Glycosphingolipids as used herein are compounds containing a carbohydrate moiety α-linked to a sphingolipid. Preferably, the carbohydrate moiety is a hexopyranose and most preferably is α-D-galactopyranose. For the person skilled in the art, sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing a C18 amino alcohol connected via an amide bond to a fatty acid. The C18 amino alcohol is preferably mono-, di- or polysubstituted with hydroxyl groups. Especially preferred, the C18 amino alcohol is phytosphingosine. The fatty acid is preferably a monocarboxylic acid having a saturated alkyl chain of a number of carbons ranging from 16 to 28 and more preferably from 18 to 26. Glycosphingolipids with immunomodulatory properties include, but they are not restricted to (2S,3S,4R)-1-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-2-hexacosanoylaminooctadecane-3,4-diol, which can stimulate natural killer (NK) activity and cytokine production by natural killer T (NKT) cells and exhibits potent antitumor activity in vivo (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 5690).

The conjugates of the saccharides of general formula I with a glycosphingolipid with immunomodulatory properties have the advantage of being heat stable. Additionally, they are able to produce in mice high titers of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG3 antibodies against the saccharide of general formula (I) and the O-polysaccharide of CRKP. To be suitable for conjugation, a functionality is introduced on the glycosphingolipid with immuno-modulatory properties. Said functionality is prone to react directly with the terminal amino group of the linker of the saccharides of general formula (I) to provide conjugates of the saccharides of general formula (I), or with the functional group Y of the interconnecting molecule to provide the modified glycosphingolipid with immunomodulatory properties.

Preferably, said functionality is introduced at the carbon 6 of the galactose moiety of the glycosphingolipid with immunomodulatory properties. Thus, the glycosphingolipid with immunomodulatory properties is functionalized with a functionality, which is prone of reacting with the terminal amino group of the saccharides or with the functional group Y of the interconnecting molecule. A functionality prone to react with an amino group includes, but it is not restricted to activated ester, isocyanate group, aldehyde, epoxide, imidoester, carboxylic acid, alkyl sulfonate and sulfonyl chloride. A functionality prone to react with the functional group Y of the interconnecting molecule so that to provide the modified glycosphingolipid with immunomodulatory properties presenting the functional group X of the interconnecting molecule includes, but it is not restricted to amine, alcohol, thiol, activated ester, isocyanate group, aldehyde, epoxide, vinyl, imidoester, carboxylic acid, alkyl sulfonate, sulfonyl chloride, vinyl group, alkynyl group and azido group.

Preferably, the functionality introduced at the C6 of the carbohydrate moiety of the glycosphingolipid with immunomodulatory properties is selected from the group comprising or containing an amine, a thiol, an alcohol, a carboxylic acid, a vinyl, maleimide, α-iodoacetyl, α-bromoacetyl, N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS) and 2-pyridyldithiols.

Said functional group X of the interconnecting molecules is selected of the group comprising or consisting of: maleimide, α-iodoacetyl, α-bromoacetyl, N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS), aldehyde, carboxylic acid, epoxyde, alkyl sulfonate, sulfonyl chloride, anhydride and carbonate.

As used herein, the term “interconnecting molecule” refers to a bifunctional molecule containing functional group X and functional group Y, wherein functional group X is capable of reacting with the terminal amino group on the linker -L- and the functional group Y is capable of reacting with a functionality present on the immunogenic carrier or on the solid support.

It was found that a conjugate comprising at least one saccharide of any one of general formulae (I), (I-A), (I-B), (I-1)-(I-5), (II-1)-(II-17), preferred any one of the saccharides A-01-A-140, B-01-B-140, C-01-C-70, D-01-D-70, E-01-E-70, F-01- F-530, G-01-G-350, H-01-H-350, J-01-J-350, K-01-K-350, M-01-M-70, N-01-N-70, O-01-O-70, P-01-P-70 and Q-1-Q-700. and particularly a conjugate of any one of general formulae (III), (IV), (V) and (V-1)-(V-14), elicits a protective immune response in a human and/or animal host, and therefore is useful for prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. Thus, the conjugates comprising the saccharides of general formula (I) conjugated to an immunogenic carrier are useful for prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. The diseases associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria include pneumonia, bronchitis, meningitis, urinary tract infection, nosocomial pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections, wound infection, infection of blood, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, septicemia and ankylosing spondylitis.

Preferred, the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria is selected from O-serotypes comprising or consisting of O1, O2, O2ac, O3, O4, O5, O7, O8, O12 and subtypes thereof and carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Preferred, O-serotypes O1, O2a, O2ac, O2ae, O2aeh, O2afg (Galactan-111), O8, and CRKP strain ST 258, more preferred O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2afg, O8, CRKP strain ST 258. Still more preferred, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains serotypes are O1:K1, O1:K2, O1:K7, O1:K8, O1:K10, O1:K12, O1:K16, O1:K19, O1:K21, O1:K22, O1:K27, O1:K34, O1:K42, O1:K45, O1:K55, O1:K57, O1:K62, O1:K65, O1:K66, O1:K69 and O1:K70, O2a, O2ac, and CRKP strain ST 258.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition or a vaccine comprising at least one conjugate that comprises at least one saccharide of general formula (I) conjugated to an immunogenic carrier and/or at least one saccharide of general formula (I) as an active ingredient together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant and/or excipient. Said pharmaceutical composition can be used for raising a protective immune response in a human and/or animal host. Ideally, the pharmaceutical composition is suitable for use in humans.

Particularly said pharmaceutical composition or said vaccine elicits a protective immune response in a human and/or animal host, and therefore is useful for prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. Thus, said pharmaceutical composition or said vaccine is useful for prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. The diseases associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria include pneumonia, bronchitis, meningitis, urinary tract infection, nosocomial pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections, wound infection, infection of blood, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, septicemia and ankylosing spondylitis.

Preferred, said pharmaceutical composition or said vaccine is useful for prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria, wherein the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria is selected from O-serotypes comprising or consisting of O1, O2, O2ac, O3, O4, O5, O7, O8, O12 and subtypes thereof and carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Preferred, O-serotypes O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2ae, O2aeh, O2afg (Galactan-III), O8, and CRKP strain ST 258, more preferred O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2afg, O8, CRKP strain ST 258. Still more preferred, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains serotypes are O1:K1, O1:K2, O1:K7, O1:K8, O1:K10, O1:K12, O1:K16, O1:K19, O1:K21, O1:K22, O1:K27, O1:K34, O1:K42, O1:K45, O1:K55, O1:K57, O1:K62, O1:K65, O1:K66, O1:K69 and O1:K70, O2a, O2ac, and CRKP strain ST 258.

Preferred, the pharmaceutical composition or a vaccine comprises at least one saccharide of any one of general formulae (I-1)-(I-5), (II-1)-(II-17) and/or at least one of the conjugates comprising at least one saccharide of any one of general formulae (I-1)-(I-5), (II-1)-(II-17) as an active ingredient. Particularly, the pharmaceutical composition or a vaccine comprises at least one conjugate of any one of general formulae (III), (IV), (V) and (V-1)-(V-14), More preferred, the pharmaceutical composition or a vaccine comprises at least one of the saccharides A-01-A-140, B-01-B-140, C-01-C-70, D-01-D-70, E-01-E-70, F-01-F-530, G-01-G-350, H-01-H-350, J-01-J-350, K-01-K-350, M-01- M-70, N-01-N-70, O-01-O-70, and P-01-P-70 and/or at least one of the conjugates comprising at least one of the saccharides A-01-A-140, B-01-B-140, C-01-C-70, D-01-D-70, E-01-E-70, F-01-F-530, G-01-G-350, H-01-H-350, J-01-J-350, K-01-K-350, M-01-M-70, N-01-N-70, O-01-O-70, P-01-P70 and Q-1-Q-700.

More preferred, the pharmaceutical composition or a vaccine comprises at least one of the saccharides A-01-A-07, A-11-A17, A-21-A-27, A-31-A-37, A-41-A-47, A-51-A-57, A-61-A-67, A-71-A-77, A-81-A-87, A-91-A-97, A-101-A-107, A-111-A-117, A-121-A-127, A-131-A-137, F-01, F-19, F-27, F-31, F-36, F-54, F-62, F-66, F-71, F-89, F-97, F-101, F-106, F-124, F-132, F-136, F-141, F-159, F-167, F-171, F-176, F-194, F-202, F-206, F-211, F-229, F-237, F-241, F-246, F-264, F-299, F-281, F-272, F-276, F-307, F-311, F-316, F-334, F-342, F-346, F-351, F-414, F-417, F-421, F-426, F-444, F-452, F-456, F-461, F-479, F-487, F-491, F-496, F-514, F-522, F-526, K-01, K-06, K-11, K-26, K-31, K-36, K-51, K-56, K-61, K-76, K-81, K-86, K-101, K-106, K-111, K-126, K-131, K-136, K-151, K-156, K-161, K-176, K-181, K-186, K-201, K-206, K-211, K-226, K-231, K-236, K-251, K-256, K-261, K-276, K-281, K-286, K-301, K-306, K-311, K-326, K-331, K-336, O-01, O-02, O-03, O-06, O-07, O-08, O-11, O-12, O-13, O-16, O-17, O-18, O-21, O-22, O-23, O-26, O-27, O-28, O-31, O-32, O-33, O-36, O-37, O-38, O-41, O-42, O-43, O-46, O-47, O-48, O-51, O-52, O-53, O-56, O-57, O-58, O-61, O-62, O-63, O-66, O-67, O-88, P-01-P-03, P-06-P-08, P-11-P-13, P-16-P-18, P-21-P-23, P-26-P-28, P-31-P-33, P-36-P-38, P-41-P-43, P-46-P-48, P-51-P-53, P-56-P-58, P-61-P-63, P-66-P-68, Q-1, Q-26, Q-101, Q-151, Q-251, Q-301, Q-351, Q-376, Q-451, Q-501, Q-551, Q-601 and Q-651. and/or at least one of the conjugates comprising at least one of the saccharides A-01-A-07, A-11-A17, A-21-A-27, A-31-A-37, A-41-A-47, A-51-A-57, A-61-A-67, A-71-A-77, A-81-A-87, A-91-A-97, A-101-A-107, A-111-A-117, A-121-A-127, A-131-A-137, F-01, F-19, F-27, F-31, F-36, F-54, F-62, F-66, F-71, F-89, F-97, F-101, F-106, F-124, F-132, F-136, F-141, F-159, F-167, F-171, F-176, F-194, F-202, F-206, F-211, F-229, F-237, F-241, F-246, F-264, F-299, F-281, F-272, F-276, F-307, F-311, F-316, F-334, F-342, F-346, F-351, F-414, F-417, F-421, F-426, F-444, F-452, F-456, F-461, F-479, F-487, F-491, F-496, F-514, F-522, F-526, K-01, K-06, K-11, K-26, K-31, K-36, K-51, K-56, K-61, K-76, K-81, K-86, K-101, K-106, K-111, K-126, K-131, K-136, K-151, K-156, K-161, K-176, K-181, K-186, K-201, K-206, K-211, K-226, K-231, K-236, K-251, K-256, K-261, K-276, K-281, K-286, K-301, K-306, K-311, K-326, K-331, K-336, O-01, O-02, O-03, O-06, O-07, O-08, O-11, O-12, O-13, O-16, O-17, O-18, O-21, O-22, O-23, O-26, O-27, O-28, O-31, O-32, O-33, O-36, O-37, O-38, O-41, O-42, O-43, O-46, O-47, O-48, O-51, O-52, O-53, O-56, O-57, O-58, O-61, O-62, O-63, O-66, O-67, O-88, P-01-P-03, P-06-P-08, P-11-P-13, P-16-P-18, P-21-P-23, P-26-P-28, P-31-P-33, P-36-P-38, P-41-P-43, P-46-P-48, P-51-P-53, P-56-P-58, P-61-P-63, P-66-P-68, Q-1, Q-26, Q-101, Q-151, Q-251, Q-301, Q-351, Q-376, Q-451, Q-501, Q-551, Q-601 and Q-651.

Concentration of Oligosaccharide

In another aspect of the present invention, said pharmaceutical composition or vaccine further comprises at least one of capsular polysaccharides, O-polysaccharides and/or capsular polysaccharide fragments, O-polysaccharide fragments and/or protein conjugates thereof of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria selected from the group comprising or consisting of Klebsiella pneumoniae serotypes O1, O2, O2a, O2ac, O3, O4, O5, O7, O8, O12 and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258.

The term “adjuvant” as used herein refers to an immunological adjuvant i.e. a material used in a vaccine composition that modifies or augments the effects of said vaccine by enhancing the immune response to a given antigen contained in the vaccine without being antigenically related to it. For the persons skilled in the art, classically recognized examples of immunological adjuvants include, but are not restricted to oil emulsions (e.g. Freund's adjuvant), saponins, aluminum or calcium salts (e.g. alum), non-ionic block polymer surfactants, and many others.

Pharmaceutical compositions are preferably in aqueous form, particularly at the point of administration, but they can also be presented in non-aqueous liquid forms or in dried forms e.g. as gelatin capsules, or as lyophilisates, etc.

Pharmaceutical compositions may include one or more preservatives, such as thiomersal or 2-phenoxyethanol. Mercury-free compositions are preferred, and preservative-free vaccines can be prepared.

Pharmaceutical compositions may include a physiological salt, such as a sodium salt e.g. to control tonicity. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is typical and may be present at between 1 and 20 mg/ml. Other salts that may be present include potassium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium phosphate dehydrate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, etc.

Pharmaceutical compositions can have an osmolality of between 200 mOsm/kg and 400 mOsm/kg.

Pharmaceutical compositions may include compounds (with or without an insoluble metal salt) in plain water (e.g. w.f.i.), but will usually include one or more buffers.

Typical buffers include: a phosphate buffer; a Tris buffer; a borate buffer; a succinate buffer; a histidine buffer (particularly with an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant); or a citrate buffer. Buffer salts will typically be included in the 5-20 mM range.

Pharmaceutical compositions typically have a pH between 5.0 and 9.5 e.g. between 6.0 and 8.0.

Pharmaceutical compositions are preferably sterile and gluten free.

Pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for administration to animal (and, in particular, human) patients, and thus include both human and veterinary uses. They may be used in a method of raising an immune response in a patient, comprising the step of administering the composition to the patient.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered before a subject is exposed to a Klebsiella pneumoniae and/or after a subject is exposed to a Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Preferred, the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria is selected from O-serotypes comprising or consisting of O1, O2, O2ac, O3, O4, O5, O7, O8, O12 and subtypes thereof and carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Preferred, O-serotypes O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2ae, O2aeh, O2afg, O8, and CRKP strain ST 258, more preferred O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2afg, O8, CRKP strain ST 258. Still more preferred, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains serotypes are O1:K1, O1:K2, O1:K7, O1:K8, O1:K10, O1:K12, O1:K16, O1:K19, O1:K21, O1:K22, O1:K27, O1:K34, O1:K42, O1:K45, O1:K55, O1:K57, O1:K62, O1:K65, O1:K66, O1:K69 and O1:K70, O2a, O2ac, and CRKP strain ST 258.

In another aspect of the present invention, the present invention is directed to use of at least one conjugate that comprises at least one saccharide of general formula (I) conjugated to an immunogenic carrier and/or at least one saccharide of general formula (I) for the manufacture of said pharmaceutical composition or said vaccine for prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria, particularly, diseases associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria is selected from the group comprising or consisting of pneumonia, bronchitis, meningitis, urinary tract infection, nosocomial pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections, wound infection, infection of blood, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, septicemia and ankylosing spondylitis.

Preferred, the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria is selected from O-serotypes comprising or consisting of O1, O2, O2ac, O3, O4, O5, O7, O8, O12 and subtypes thereof and carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Preferred, O-serotypes O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2ae, O2aeh, O2afg, O8, and CRKP strain ST 258, more preferred O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2afg, O8, CRKP strain ST 258. Still more preferred, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains serotypes are O1:K1, O1:K2, O1:K7, O1:K8, O1:K10, O1:K12, O1:K16, O1:K19, O1:K21, O1:K22, O1:K27, O1:K34, O1:K42, O1:K45, O1:K55, O1:K57, O1:K62, O1:K65, O1:K66, O1:K69 and O1:K70, O2a, O2ac, and CRKP strain ST 258.

Preferred, the present invention refers to the use of at least one saccharide of any one of general formulae (I-1)-(I-7), (II-1)-(II-17) and/or at least one of the conjugates comprising at least one saccharide of any one of general formulae (I-1)-(I-7), (II-1)-(II-17) for the manufacture of said pharmaceutical composition or said vaccine.

More preferred, the present invention refers to the use of at least one of the saccharides A-01-A-140, B-01-B-140, C-01-C-70, D-01-D-70, E-01-E-70, F-01-F-530, G-01-G-350, H-01-H-350, J-01-J-350, K-01-K-350, M-01-M-70, N-01-N-70, O-01-O-70, P-01-P-70 and Q-1-Q-700 and/or at least one of the conjugates comprising at least one of the saccharides A-01-A-140, B-01-B-140, C-01-C-70, D-01-D-70, E-01-E-70, F-01-F-530, G-01-G-350, H-01-H-350, J-01-J-350, K-01-K-350, M-01-M-70, N-01-N-70, O-01-O-70 and P-01-P-70 and Q-1-Q-700 for the manufacture of said pharmaceutical composition or said vaccine.

Particularly, the present invention refers to the use of at least one conjugate of any one of general formulae (III), (IV), (V) and (V-1)-(V-14) for the manufacture of said pharmaceutical composition or said vaccine,

Pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared in unit dose form. Preferably, the dose of the inventive conjugate is between 0.1 and 10 μg, preferably 1 and 10 μg, preferably 0.2 and 9 μg, more preferably 0.5 and 9 μg, preferably 1 and 6 μg, and most preferably 1 and 5 μg. In some embodiments a unit dose may have a volume of between 0.1-1.0 mL e.g. about 0.5 mL.

The invention also provides a delivery device (e.g. syringe, nebuliser, sprayer, inhaler, dermal patch, etc.) containing a pharmaceutical composition of the invention e.g. containing a unit dose. This device can be used to administer the composition to a vertebrate subject.

The invention also provides a sterile container (e.g. a vial) containing a pharmaceutical composition of the invention e.g. containing a unit dose.

The invention also provides a unit dose of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention.

The invention also provides a hermetically sealed container containing a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. Suitable containers include e.g. a vial.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be prepared in various forms. For example, the compositions may be prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions. Solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection can also be prepared (e.g. a lyophilised composition or a spray-freeze dried composition). The composition may be prepared for topical administration e.g. as an ointment, cream or powder. The composition may be prepared for oral administration e.g. as a tablet or capsule, as a spray, or as a syrup (optionally flavoured). The composition may be prepared for pulmonary administration e.g. by an inhaler, using a fine powder or a spray. The composition may be prepared as a suppository. The composition may be prepared for nasal, aural or ocular administration e.g. as a spray or drops. Injectables for intramuscular administration are typical.

The pharmaceutical compositions may comprise an effective amount of an adjuvant i.e. an amount which, when administered to an individual, either in a single dose or as part of a series, is effective for enhancing the immune response to a co-administered Klebsiella penumoniae antigen.

Preferred, the Klebsiella pneumoniae is selected from O-serotypes comprising or consisting of O1, O2, O2ac, O3, O4, O5, O7, O8, O12 and subtypes thereof and carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Preferred, O-serotypes O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2ae, O2aeh, O2afg, O8, and CRKP strain ST 258, more preferred O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2afg, O8, CRKP strain ST 258. Still more preferred, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains serotypes are O1:K1, O1:K2, O1:K7, O1:K8, O1:K10, O1:K12, O1:K16, O1:K19, O1:K21, O1:K22, O1:K27, O1:K34, O1:K42, O1:K45, O1:K55, O1:K57, O1:K62, O1:K65, O1:K66, O1:K69 and O1:K70, O2a, O2ac, and CRKP strain ST 258.

This amount can vary depending upon the health and physical condition of the individual to be treated, age, the taxonomic group of individual to be treated (e.g. non-human primate, primate, etc.), the capacity of the individual's immune system to synthesize antibodies, the degree of protection desired, the formulation of the vaccine, the treating doctor's assessment of the medical situation, and other relevant factors. The amount will fall in a relatively broad range that can be determined through routine trials.

Techniques for the formulation and administration of the vaccine of the present invention may be found in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” Mack Publishing Co., Easton Pa.

A therapeutically effective dosage of one conjugate according to the present invention or of one saccharide of general formula (I) refers to that amount of the compound that results in an at least a partial immunization against a disease. Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical, pharmacological, and toxicological procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals. The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effect is the therapeutic index. The actual amount of the composition administered will be dependent on the subject being treated, on the subject's weight, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration and the judgement of the prescribing physician.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method of inducing immune response against Klebsiella pneumoniae in a human and/or animal host, said method comprising administering of the saccharide of general formula (I) and/or salt thereof and/or a conjugate thereof or pharmaceutical composition thereof to said human and/or animal host. A method of treating or preventing diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, in a human and/or animal host according to the present invention comprises administering of at least one saccharide of general formula (I) and/or salt thereof and/or a conjugate thereof or pharmaceutical composition thereof to said human and/or animal host. Preferred, the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria is selected from O-serotypes comprising or consisting of O1, O2, O2ac, O3, O4, O5, O7, O8, O12 and subtypes thereof and carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Preferred, O-serotypes O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2ae, O2aeh, O2afg, O8, and CRKP strain ST 258, more preferred O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2afg, O8, CRKP strain ST 258. Still more preferred, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains serotypes are O1:K1, O1:K2, O1:K7, O1:K8, O1:K10, O1:K12, O1:K16, O1:K19, O1:K21, O1:K22, O1:K27, O1:K34, O1:K42, O1:K45, O1:K55, O1:K57, O1:K62, O1:K65, O1:K66, O1:K69 and O1:K70, O2a, O2ac, and CRKP strain ST 258.

Immunological Assays

Yet another aspect of the present invention refers to saccharide of general formula (I) for use as marker in immunological assays for detection of antibodies against bacteria containing in their O-polysaccharide or capsular polysaccharide one of the following saccharide fragments: →3)-β-D-Galf-(1→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→ →)-α-D-Galp-(1→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→ [→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→]_(m)-[→3)-β-D-Galf-(1→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→]_(n). [→5)-β-D-Galf-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(m)-[→3)-β-D-Galf-(1→3)-α-D-Galp-(1→]_(n).

Preferred, the saccharide of general formula (I) is useful as marker in immunological assays for detection of antibodies against Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Such assays comprise, for instance, microarray and ELISA useful for detection of antibodies against Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The saccharides of the present invention can be easily conjugated to solid supports for providing immunological assays useful for detection of antibodies against Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Preferred, the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria is selected from O-serotypes comprising or consisting of O1, O2, O2ac, O3, O4, O5, O7, O8, O12 and subtypes thereof and carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Preferred, O-serotypes O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2ae, O2aeh, O2afg, O8, and CRKP strain ST 258, more preferred O1, O2a, O2ab, O2ac, O2afg, O8, CRKP strain ST 258. Still more preferred, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains serotypes are O1:K1, O1:K2, O1:K7, O1:K8, O1:K10, O1:K12, O1:K16, O1:K19, O1:K21, O1:K22, O1:K27, O1:K34, O1:K42, O1:K45, O1:K55, O1:K57, O1:K62, O1:K65, O1:K66, O1:K69 and O1:K70, O2a, O2ac, and CRKP strain ST 258.

Said solid supports present on their surface a functionality that is prone to react with the amino group of saccharides of general formula (I) or with the functional group Y of the interconnecting molecule to provide modified solid supports, presenting on their surface the functional group X of the interconnecting molecule that can further react with the amino group of saccharides of general formula (I). In an embodiment according to the present invention the solid supports are microarray slides, which present on their surface a functionality that is prone to react with the functional group Y of the interconnecting molecule to provide modified microarray slides, presenting of their surface the functional group X of the interconnecting molecule. Examples of such microarray slides include, but are not restricted to Corning® epoxide coated slides or Corning® GAPS™ II coated slides.

In a preferred embodiment the solid supports are microarray slides presenting on their surface a functionality that is prone to react with the amino group of saccharides of general formula (I), and more preferably an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) activated ester. Such microarray slides are for example CodeLink® NHS slides.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the chemical structure of the repeating unit of Klebsiella pneumoniae O-polysaccharide.

FIG. 2 shows the chemical structure of the repeating unit of Klebsiella pneumoniae O-polysaccharide

FIG. 3 provides examples of functional group X of the interconnecting molecule according to the present invention.

FIG. 4A presents schematically a conjugate of inventive oligosaccharides.

FIG. 4B lists some examples of inventive saccharides conjugated to CRM197 carrier protein.

FIG. 4C lists some examples of inventive saccharides conjugated to CRM197 carrier protein.

FIG. 4D list an example of an inventive saccharide conjugated to CRM197 carrier protein.

FIG. 5 shows SDS-PAGE of glycoconjugates (2.5 μg/well) 61*-CRM₁₉₇ and 158*-CRM₁₉₇ used in immunization experiments resolved using a 10% polyacrylamide gel.

FIG. 6 presents SEC Chromatograms of KPC glycoconjugates 61*-CRM₁₉₇ and 158*-CRM₁₉₇.

FIG. 7 shows ELISA titers of Day-0 and Day-35 pooled sera from mice (n=6) immunized with 61*-CRM₁₉₇ or 158*-CRM₁₉₇ formulation. Sera of said formulations were tested against corresponding O-antigen BSA conjugates 61*-BSA or 158*-BSA. Sera were diluted 1:100, 1000 and 10,000 with 1% BSA-PBS. Diluted sera (100 μL) was added per well of the microtiter plate which was coated with 0.5 μg of the corresponding O-antigen/BSA conjugates. Detection was done using a HRP conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody diluted to 1:10000 and developed using the TMB substrate. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm and the data were plotted using the GraphPad prism software.

FIG. 8 shows cross-reactivity of Day-0 and Day-35 pooled sera from mice (n=6) immunized with 61*-CRM₁₉₇ or 158*-CRM₁₉₇ formulation. Sera of said formulations were tested against LPS from the corresponding strains 61*: LPS (O1) and 158*: LPS (Gal-Ill). In both cases, sera were diluted 1:200 with 1% BSA-PBS. Diluted sera (100 μL) was added per well of the microtiter plate which was coated with 1.0 μg of the corresponding LPS. Detection was done using a HRP conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody diluted to 1:10000 and developed using the TMB substrate. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm and the data were plotted using the GraphPad prism software.

FIG. 9 shows cross-reactivity of Day-0 and Day-35 pooled sera from rabbit (n=4) immunized with 61*-CRM₁₉₇ formulation. Sera of 61*-CRM₁₉₇ formulation were tested against LPS isolated from different KPC strains. The sera was tested against the LPS (O1), Commercial-LPS (O2a,c), LPS (O2a), and LPS (Gal III). The sera were diluted 1:200 with 1% BSA-PBS and 100 μL of the diluted sera was added per well of the microtiter plate which was coated with 1.0 μg of the corresponding LPS. Detection was done using a HRP conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody diluted to 1:10000 and developed using the TMB substrate. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm and the data were plotted using the GraphPad prism software.

FIG. 10 shows ELISA titers of Day-0 Day-7, Day-21, and Day-35 pooled sera from rabbit (n=4) immunized with 158*-CRM₁₉₇ formulation. Sera 158*-CRM₁₉₇ formulation were tested against corresponding O-antigen/BSA conjugate 158*-BSA. Sera were diluted 1:1000 and 10,000 with 1% BSA-PBS. Diluted sera (100 μL) was added per well of the microtiter plate which was coated with 0.5 μg of the corresponding O-antigen/BSA conjugates. Detection was done using a HRP conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody diluted to 1:10000 and developed using the TMB substrate. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm and the data were plotted using the GraphPad prism software.

FIG. 11 shows cross-reactivity of Day-0 and Day-35 pooled sera from rabbit (n=4) immunized with 158*-CRM₁₉₇ formulation. Sera of 158*-CRM₁₉₇ formulation were tested against LPS isolated from different KPC strains. The sera was tested against the LPS (O1), Commercial-LPS (O2a,c), LPS (O2a), and LPS (Gal III). The sera were diluted 1:200 with 1% BSA-PBS and 100 μL of the diluted sera was added per well of the microtiter plate which was coated with 1.0 μg of the corresponding LPS. Detection was done using a HRP conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody diluted to 1:10000 and developed using the TMB substrate. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm and the data were plotted using the GraphPad prism software.

FIG. 12 shows further linkers L′ and the starting material used within the oligosaccharides of the present invention.

EXAMPLES A. Chemical Synthesis

General Information:

Commercial grade solvents were used unless stated otherwise. Dry solvents were obtained from a Waters Dry Solvent System. Solvents for chromatography were distilled prior to use. Sensitive reactions were carried out in heat-dried glassware and under an argon atmosphere. Analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on Kieselgel 60 F254 glass plates precoated with a 0.25 mm thickness of silica gel. Spots were visualized by staining with vanillin solution (6% (w/v) vanillin and 10% (v/v) sulfuric acid in 95% EtOH) or Hanessian's stain (5% (w/v) ammonium molybdate, 1% (w/v) cerium(II) sulfate and 10% (v/v) sulfuric acid in water). Silica column chromatography was performed on Fluka Kieselgel 60 (230-400 mesh). ¹H, ¹³C and two-dimensional NMR spectra were measured with a Varian 400-MR spectrometer at 296 K. Chemical shifts (d) are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to the respective residual solvent peaks (CDCl₃: d 7.26 in ¹H and 77.16 in ¹³C NMR; CD₃OD: d 3.31 in ¹H and 49.15 in ¹³C NMR). The following abbreviations are used to indicate peak multiplicities: s singlet; d doublet; dd doublet of doublets; t triplet; dt doublet of triplets; q quartet; m multiplet. Coupling constants (J) are reported in Flertz (Flz). Optical rotation (OR) measurements were carried out with a Schmidt & Haensch UniPol L1000 polarimeter at λ=589 nm and a concentration (c) expressed in g/100 mL in the solvent noted in parentheses. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was performed at the Free University Berlin, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, with an Agilent 6210 ESI-TOF mass spectrometer. Infrared (IR) spectra were measured with a Perkin Elmer 100 FTIR spectrometer at applicant's facility.

Abbreviations

-   AcOH Acetic acid -   Alloc Allyloxycarbonyl -   aq. aqueous -   BH₃ borane -   BBr₃ boron tribromide -   BnBr benzyl bromide -   Boc tert-Butoxycarbonyl -   br. broad -   CAS CAS Registry Number (CAS=Chemical Abstracts Service) -   CHCl₃ chloroform -   cFlex cyclohexane -   d doublet -   dd doublet of doublets -   DCM dichloromethane -   DEAD diethyl azodicarboxylate -   DIPEA N,N-diisopropyl-ethylamine -   DME dimethoxyethane -   DMF dimethylformamide -   DMSO dimethylsulfoxide -   DPPA diphenylphosphoryl azide -   EA Ethyl acetate -   EDC.HCl N1-((ethylimino)methylene)-N3,N3-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine     hydrochloride -   ES electrospray -   Et₂O diethyl ether -   EtOAc ethyl acetate -   h hour -   HCl hydrochloric acid -   H₂O water -   HOBt.H₂O 1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-ol hydrate -   K₂CO₃ potassium carbonate -   LiAlH₄ lithium aluminium hydride -   m multiplet -   ACN acetonitrile -   MeOH methanol -   Mel methyl iodide -   MgSO₄ magnesium sulphate -   min minutes -   MS mass spectrometry -   Na₂CO₃ sodium carbonate -   NaCNBH₃ sodium cyanoborohydride -   NaHCO₃ sodium hydrogencarbonate -   NaH sodium hydride -   NaOH sodium hydroxide -   Na₂SO₄ sodium sulphate -   NCS N-chlorosuccinimide -   NMR nuclear magnetic resonance -   PBS phosphate-buffered saline -   Pd/C palladium on carbon -   q quartet -   RM reaction mixture -   RBF round bottom flask -   rt room temperature -   s singlet -   sat. saturated -   sep septet -   SM starting material -   t triplet -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid -   THF tetrahydrofuran -   TsOH tosic acid -   Wt weight.

General Methods

Imidate synthesis—General protocol A: Substrate (1 eq) was dried azeotropically using toluene in the rotary evaporator and overnight under high vacuum. The solid was taken in DCM under nitrogen atmosphere, added Cs₂CO₃ (4 eq) to it and stirred for 10 min. Added (E)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-phenylacetimidoyl chloride (3 eq) to the RM neat and stirred the RM at rt for 3 h. RM was filtered through the celite, washed with DCM. Combined filtrate was evaporated in vacuum to get the crude product. Purification was done on silica column treated with triethylamine and ethyl acetate/cyclohexane as eluents. Solvent removal and drying under vacuum yielded the compound as pale yellowish solid.

Imidate synthesis—General protocol B: Substrate (1 eq) was dried azeotropically using toluene in the rotary evaporator and overnight under high vacuum. The solid was taken in DCM under nitrogen atmosphere, added Cs₂CO₃ (4 eq) to it and stirred for 10 min. Added (E)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-phenylacetimidoyl chloride (3 eq) to the RM neat and stirred the RM at rt for 3 h. RM was filtered through the celite, washed with DCM. Combined filtrate was evaporated and dried under vacuum yielding pale yellow product.

Glycosylation method- General protocol A: Both the Acceptor (1 eq) and the donor (1 eq-1.5 eq) were taken in RBF and dried azeotropically using dry toluene in the vacuum. Mixture was taken in Toluene-Dioxane (3:1) at rt, added 4 A molecular sieves to it and stirred at room temperature (rt) for 30 min under N₂ atmosphere. Cooled the RM to −2° C. using Ice water bath and added TMSOTf (0.2 eq) to the RM and stirred the RM at 5° C. for 20 mins. RM was then allowed to warm slowly to room temp over one hr. TLC analysis was carried out to monitor the completion of the reaction. RM was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃, stirred for 10 mins and extracted with EA. Combined organics were washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated in vacuum to get crude product. Column purification on silica was done using EA/cyclohexane on Biotage using silica column. Fractions containing product were evaporated and dried under vacuum to get desired product.

Glycosylation method- General protocol B: Both the Acceptor (1 eq) and the donor (1 eq-1.5 eq) were taken in RBF and dried azeotropically using dry toluene in the vacuum. Mixture was taken in DCM at rt, added 4 A molecular sieves to it and stirred at rt for 30 min under N₂ atmosphere. Cooled the RM to −2° C. using Ice water bath and added TMSOTf (0.2 eq) to the RM and stirred the RM at 5° C. for 20 mins. RM was then allowed to warm slowly to room temp over one hr. TLC analysis was carried out to monitor the completion of the reaction. RM was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ (or with TEA), stirred for 10 mins and extracted with DCM. Combined organics were washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated in vacuum to get crude product. Column purification on silica was done using EA/cyclohexane on Biotage using silica column. Fractions containing product were evaporated and dried in vacuum to get desired product.

Lev group deprotection—General protocol A: Lev-containing substrate (1 eq) was taken in Pyridine at rt, added hydrazine acetate (3 eq) to it and stirred at rt for 18 h. Reaction was monitored by TLC analysis. RM was then quenched with acetone (100 eq) and stirred for 45 mins at rt. The RM was then evaporated to dryness in vacuum. The residue was purified using Biotage on silica column with EA-Cyclohexane as eluents to get the sugar active spot, on evaporation and drying in the high vacuum the desired compound was obtained as colorless gummy liquid.

Nap group deprotection—General protocol A: NAP-containing substrate (1 eq) was taken in DCM-buffer solution (1-2) at rt, added DDQ (3-4 eq) in portions over 20 mins-1 h, RM became black then it turned to reddish brown color. RM stirred for 2-5 h. Reaction was monitored by TLC analysis for reaction completion. RM was quenched with NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with DCM. Combined organics were washed with brine solution, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated in vacuum to get crude product. Crude product was purified using Biotage on silica column-EA/Chx as eluents obtain the product.

TDS group deprotection—General protocol A: Substrate (1 eq) was taken in pyridine in a 50 mL falcon tube, at rt and stirred for 5 mins. Then added HF-Py (15 eq) to it (careful: bubbles and exothermic). RM was stirred at rt for 18 h. TLC analysis showed that SM was present and a polar spot formed as well. So, added 10 equivalent of HF-Py one more time to RM and RM was stirred at rt for 30 h more and TLC analysis showed that still some SM was present and a major polar spot as well. RM was quenched with water, and diluted with DCM, mixed the layers well with stirring at rt, separated the layers. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with NaHCO₃ wash (careful some effervescence), brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, evaporated in vacuum to get white gummy liquid. Crude product was purified using Biotage with silica column-EA/CHx as eluents to obtain the product.

TDS group deprotection—General protocol B: Substrate (1 eq) was taken in pyridine in a 50 mL falcon tube, at rt and stirred for 5 mins. Then added HF-Py (50-150 eq) to it (careful: bubbles and exothermic). RM was stirred at rt for 18 h. Reaction was monitored by TLC analysis. RM was quenched with water, and diluted with DCM, mixed the layers well with stirring at rt, separated the layers. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with NaHCO₃ wash (careful some effervescence), brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, evaporated in vacuum to get white gummy liquid. Crude product was purified using Biotage with silica column-EA/CHx as eluents to get the product out.

Methanolysis—General protocol A: Substrate (1 eq) was taken in THF-MeOH (1:1 mL) at rt, added excess 0.5 M NaOMe solution in methanol to it and continued stirring at 55° C. for 18 h. RM was evaporated in vacuum. Diluted with EA and water. Acidified with AcOH till neutral pH. Extracted with EA. Combined organics were washed with brine solution, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum to get crude product as pale yellowish layer.

Methanolysis—General protocol B: Substrate (1 eq) was taken in THF-MeOH (1:1 mL) at rt, added excess 0.5 M NaOMe solution in methanol to it and continued stirring at 55° C. for 3 days. RM was evaporated in vacuum. Diluted with EA and water. Acidified with AcOH till neutral pH. Extracted with EA. Combined organics were washed with brine solution, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum to get crude product as pale yellowish layer.

Hydrogenation—General protocol A: Substrate (1 eq) was taken in mixture of DCM:tBuOH:H₂O, added suspension of Pd/C (1 eq, w/w) in butanol (0.2 mL) to it and hydrogenated under 10 bar H₂ atmosphere for 18-24 h. RM was filtered through the PTFE filter, washed with methanol, 50% methanol in water. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to get crude product. The product was purified using C18 sepak column using water-acetonitrile as the eluents. Fractions containing product were lyophilized for 24 h to get white fluffy solid as the desired product.

Hydrogenation—General protocol B: Substrate (1 eq) was taken in mixture of DCM:tBuOH:H₂O, added suspension of Pd(OH)₂ (1 eq, w/w) in butanol (0.2 mL) to it and hydrogenated under ˜10 bar H₂ atmosphere for 18-24 h. RM was filtered through the PTFE filter, washed with methanol, 50% Methanol in water. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to get crude product. The product was purified using C18 sepak column using water-acetonitrile as the eluents. Fractions containing product were lyophilized for 24 h to get white fluffy solid as the desired product.

Hydrogenation—General protocol C: Substrate (1 eq) was taken in mixture of DCM:IPA:H₂O, added suspension of Pd/C (1 eq, w/w) in IPA to it and hydrogenated under 10 bar H₂ atmosphere for 18-24 h. RM was filtered through the PTFE filter, washed with methanol, 50% Methanol in water. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to get crude product. The product was purified using C18 sepak column using water-acetonitrile as the eluents. Fractions containing product were lyophilized for 24 h to get white fluffy solid as the desired product.

A-1 Preparation of Monosaccharide Building Blocks

Compound 1* was prepared according to a procedure described in J. Org. Chem., 2007, 72 (17), pp 6513-6520.

Compound 1* (40 g, 80 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF/DMF 9:1 (390 mL) and cooled to 0° C. with an ice/water bath. BnBr (20.9 g, 120 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 5 minutes at 0° C. Then, NaH (6.39 g, 160 mmol) was added in 5 portions at 0° C. After complete addition of NaH the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for another five minutes, then the ice bath was removed and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. It was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by slow addition of methanol under cooling with an ice/water bath and then poured on EtOAc/brine. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc twice. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, evaporated and dried under high vacuum to give an orange solid. The solid was washed with methanol and filtrated. The solvent was evaporated to give the product as a white solid (47.1 g, 100%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₃₇H₃₄O₅SNa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 613.2025, found 613.2024.

Compound 2* (47.1 g, 80 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (500 mL) and ethanethiol (35.4 mL, 478 mmol) and pTSOH (9.1 g, 47.8 mmol) were added sequentially. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. The reaction was quenched with triethylamine (50 mL) and the solvent was evaporated to give crude product as a pale yellow oil. The crude was purified by column chromatography using ethyl acetate/cyclohexane to give the product after evaporation of the solvent (38.18 g, 95%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₃₀H₃₀O₅SNa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 525.1712, found 525.1708.

Diol 3* (15 g, 29.8 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (300 mL) and cooled to 0° C. with an ice/water bath. ^(t)Bu₂Si(OTf)₂ (19.72 g, 44.8 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes. The mixture was neutralized with Et₃N (9 mL) and stirred for 5 additional minutes. The mixture was then diluted with water and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic fractions were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The crude compound was charged on Isolute® and purified using the automated purification system with ethyl acetate/cyclohexane to give the product (18.18 g, 95%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₃₈H₄₆O₅SSiNa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 665.2733, found 665.2682.

Compound 5* was prepared according to a procedure described in J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 9658.

Compound 5* (8.6 g, 20.65 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (86 mL) and levulinic acid (3.6 g, 31 mmol), EDC (5.94 mmol, 31 mmol) and DMAP (2.5 g, 20.65 mmol) were added sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was partitioned between DCM and brine. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM twice. The organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to give crude product. The crude was charged on isolute and purified using the automated purification system (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a colorless oil (12.26 g, 99%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₂₇H₃₀O₈SNa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 537.1559, found 537.1544.

Compound 6* (6.59 g, 12.81 mmol) was dissolved in THF/water 1:1 (250 mL) and pTsOH (2.92 g, 15.37 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred under reflux (80° C.) and monitored by TLC. After 1.5 h the mixture was cooled to room temperature and neutralised with sat. aq. NaHCOs. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc three times, the organic layer dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to give a colorless oil (5.76 g, 95%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₂₄H₂₆O₈SNa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 497.1246, found 497.1230.

Diol 7* (4.5 g, 9.48 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (45 mL) and cooled to 0° C. with an ice/water bath. Pyridine (4.5 g, 56.9 mmol) and DMAP (0.116 g, 0.948 mmol) were added and then BzCl (8 g, 56.9 mmol) was added dropwise. The solution was stirred while it slowly was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring overnight, the reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCOs solution and extracted with DCM twice. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude product. The crude was charged on isolute and purified using the automated purification system using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a white foam (5.78 g, 89%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₃₈H₃₄O₁₀SNa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 705.1770, found 705.1744.

Compound 9* was prepared according to a procedure described in Tetrahedron 2015, 71, 33, 5315-5320.

Compound 10* was prepared according to a procedure described in J. Carb. Chem. 2001, 20, 9, 855-865.

Compound 11* was prepared according to a procedure described in J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 10203-10217.

Compound 12* was prepared according to a procedure described in J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 10203-10217.

A solution of 1-O-allylgalactose (10 g, 45.4 mmol), benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (10.37 g, 68.1 mmol) and camphor sulfonic acid (29.5 g, 127 mmol) in acetonitrile (100 mL) was stirred for 30 min at rt. After 30 min the TLC showed the completion conversion that starting materials to the product. The Reaction was quenched with triethylamine and was then concentrated to a thick syrup. Automated purification (Combiflash) using silica gel and dichloromethane/methanol as the eluent gave the product as a white solid (12 g, 86%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₆H₂₀O₆Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 331.1158, found 331.1098.

Bu₂SnO (14.53 g, 58.4 mmol) was added to a clear solution of diol 13* (12 g, 38.9 mmol) in toluene 423 mL at rt in a 250 mL RBF Then reaction mixture was kept for reflux at 130° C. for 6 h. After 6 h, solvents were removed under vacuum and the reaction was azeotroped with toluene (3×10 mL). After complete removal of solvents acetal was dried under vacuum for 0.5 h. Acetal was removed from vacuum in presence of argon and dissolved in DMF (423 mL). To this solution 2-(bromomethyl)naphthalene (12.91 g, 58.4 mmol) and TBAl (28.5 g, 78 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was kept for stirring at 110° C. for 20 h. Reaction was monitored by TLC (40% EtOAc in n-hexane). After 20 h, reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and water. The aqueous layer was separated and washed with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum at 35° C. bath temperature of rotary evaporator for 30 min to obtain the crude product. The crude product was purified on automated flash column chromatography using ethyl acetate in cyclohexane (gradient, 0 to 100%) as the eluent. Concentration of solvent from test tubes containing impure product in vacuum at 30-35° C. bath temperature in a 100 mL RBF resulted in the colourless oil. Additionally washing with ice cold ethyl acetate gave the pure product (14.49 g, 83%).

Compound 14* (14.30 g, 31.9 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (130 mL) and cooled to 0° C. with an ice/water bath. Pyridine (7.74 mL, 96 mmol) and DMAP (0.390 g, 3.19 mmol) were added and then BzCl (10.15 mL, 96 mmol) was added dropwise. The solution was stirred while it slowly was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring overnight, the reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with DCM twice. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude product. The crude was charged on isolute and purified using the automated purification system using ethyl acetate/cyclohexane and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a white foam (10.1 g, 57%).

Compound 15* (8.7 g, 15.74 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (102 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. and triethylsilane (17.78 mL, 110 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid (8.44 mL, 110 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 minutes, and then at room temperature for overnight. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution. The mixture was extracted with DCM and the organic layer washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated to give the crude product. The crude was charged on isolute and purified using the automated purification system using ethyl acetate/cyclohexane and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a white foam (5.8 g, 66.4%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₃₄H₃₄O₇Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 577.2202, found 577.2078.

Compound 16* (5.8 g, 10.46 mmol) was dissolved in THF/DMF 9:1 (47 mL/5 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Benzyl bromide (2.54 mL, 20.91 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 5 minutes at 0° C. Then sodium hydride (0.837 g, 20.91 mmol) was added in portions at 0° C. After complete addition of sodium hydride the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for another five minutes, and was allowed to warm to room temperature over 2 h. The reaction was quenched by slow addition of saturated ammonium chloride solution under cooling and then poured into ethyl acetate/water. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethylacetate and the combined organic layer washed with NaHCO₃ and brine. The filtrate was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, evaporated and dried under high vacuum to obtain an orange solid. The solid was washed with methanol filtered and dried to obtain the product as a white solid (5.8 g, 86%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₄₁H₄₀O₇Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 667.2672, found 667.2567.

Monosaccharide compound 17* (0.995 g, 1.543 mmol) was transferred to a solution of DCM (34 mL) and phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (17 mL) in a 50 mL RBF DDQ (1.576 g, 6.94 mmol) was added slowly over a period of 2.5 h, and stirred for 6 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (40 mL) and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with sat. NaHCOs (50 mL), brine (100 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ filtered and concentrated under to obtain the crude as a pale yellow oil. Purification was done on silica gel column chromatography using ethyl acetate in cyclohexanes. The compound obtained was then dissolved in dichloromethane and continued evaporation under vacuum resulted in a colorless transparent gummy liquid which was dried under high vacuum to form a fluffy white solid (0.55 g, 71%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₃₀H₃₂O₇Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 527.2046, found 527.1978.

Compound 3* (10.90 g, 21.7 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (89 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Pyridine (5.26 mL, 65 mmol) and DMAP (0.265 g, 2.2 mmol) were added followed by BzCl (6.90 mL, 65 mmol) dropwise. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring overnight, the reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to obtain the crude product. The crude was charged on isolute and purified using the automated purification system using ethyl acetate/cyclohexane and the solvent evaporated to obtain the product as white foam (13.85 g, 90%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₄₄H₃₈O₇SNa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 733.2236, found 733.2134.

[1,5-Cyclooctadiene)(pyridine)(tricyclohexylphosphine)-Ir(I)]PF₆ (0.79 g, 0.155 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (30 mL) and nitrogen was bubbled through the solution for two minutes at room temperature while the red colored catalyst dissolved. The solution was then purged with hydrogen for two minutes, by which time the red solution changed to colorless and the solution was stirred for 15 min under hydrogen. The solution of the active catalyst was then added to a solution of compound 15* (1 g, 1.55 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) under nitrogen via a syringe and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aq. NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×10 mL). Combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to get the allyl isomerized compound. The vinyl substrate was then taken up in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran water (2:1.45 mL) and iodine (0.787 g, 3.10 mmol) was added at room temperature. The brown colored solution was stirred for 2 h before quenching with 10% Na₂S₂O₃ (10 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. Flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate in hexane 30%) afforded the product as yellow solid (0.55 g, 59%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₃₈H₃₆O₇Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 627.2359, found 627.2267.

Compound 20* (0.55 g, 0910 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (11 mL). Cs₂CO₃ (0.593 g, 1.82 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-phenylacetimidoyl chloride (0.566 g, 2.73 mmol) were the added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was filtrated through a Celite pad (2 cm), washed with DCM (50 mL) and the filtrate concentrated to give a pale yellow oil. Purification was done by flash silica gel column chromatography (cyclohexane/ethylacetate+0.1% Et₃N) afforded the imidate as yellow foam (0.608 g, 86%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₄₆H₄₀F₃NO₇Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 798.2655, found 798.2555.

Compound 11* (3.65 g, 6.24 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (40 mL) and Levulinic acid (1.087 g, 9.36 mmol), EDC (1.795 g, 9.36 mmol) and DMAP (0.763 g, 9.36 mmol) were added sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17 h. The mixture was partitioned between DCM and sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM. The organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to give crude product. The crude was charged on isolute and purified using the automated purification system (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a colorless oil (3.82 g, 90%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₃₈H₃₄O₁₀SNa⁺705.1765 [M+Na]⁺, found 705.1763.

Compound 22* (2.8 g, 4.10 mmol) was dissolved in DCM/water 3:1 (40 mL) and N-bromosuccinimide (2.19 g, 12.30 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. The mixture was partitioned between DCM and sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM. The organic layers were washed with 0.1 M Na₂S₂O₃, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to give crude product. The crude was charged on Isolute® and purified using the automated purification system (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) and the solvent was evaporated to give the product as colorless oil (2.30 g, 95%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₃₂H₃₀O₁₁Na⁺613.1680 [M+Na]⁺, found 613.1678.

Compound 23* (2 g, 3.39 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (20 mL) and cesium carbonate (2.207 g, 6.77 mmol) and (E)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-phenylacetimidoyl chloride (2.109 g, 10.16 mmol) were added sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was filtered over celite, washed with DCM and the filtrate evaporated to give product as colorless oil (2.5 g, 97%).

Compound 25* was prepared according to a procedure described in Nakashima, S.; Ando, H.; Imamura, A.; Yuki, N.; Ishida, H.; Kiso, M. Chem.—Eur. J. 2011, 17, 588-597.

Compound 24* (2.5 g, 3.28 mmol) and compound 25* (1.46 g, 2.74 mmol) were taken in 100 mL RBF, toluene (40 mL) was added and the compound azeotroped under vacuum (twice). The material dried under high vacuum was dissolved in dichloromethane (25 mL) and dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added and stirred at room temperature for 10 min before cooling to −10° C. TMS-OTf (50 μL, 0.274 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred while it was slowly warmed to 0° C. over 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM. The organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. The crude was charged on isolute and purified using the automated purification system (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) and the solvent was evaporated to obtain the product as colorless oil (2.51 g, 83%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₅₄H₅₀Cl₃NO₁₆SNa⁺1128.1808 [M+Na]⁺, found 1128.1904.

Compound 26* (2.5 g, 2.26 mmol) was dissolved in DCM/water 10:1 (27.5 mL) and N-iodosuccinimide (0.508 g, 2.26 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (0.173 mL, 2.26 mmol) were added at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h and then partitioned between DCM and sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM and the organic layers were washed with 0.1 M Na₂S₂O₃, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. The crude was charged on isolute and purified using the automated purification system (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) and the solvent was evaporated to give the product as colorless oil (1.09 g, 47.4%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₄₈H₄₆Cl₃NO₁₇Na⁺ 1036.1724 [M+Na]⁺, found 1036.1828.

Compound 27* (1.05 g, 1.034 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (10 mL) and cesium carbonate (0.674 g, 2.068 mmol) and (E)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-phenylacetimidoyl chloride (0.644 g, 3.10 mmol) were added sequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The mixture was filtered over celite, washed with DCM and the filtrate evaporated to give product as colorless oil (1.2 g, 98%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₅₆H₅₀Cl₃F₃N₂O₁₇Na⁺ 1207.2019 [M+Na]⁺, found 1207.2043.

Compound 28* (200 mg, 0.169 mmol) and 5-azidopentanol (43.5 mg, 0.337 mmol) were taken in 10 mL RBF. Toluene (3 mL) was added and the compound evaporated under vacuum (twice). After drying overnight dichloromethane (4 mL) and dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added and stirred at room temperature for 10 min before cooling to −10° C. TMS-OTf (3 μL, 0.017 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred while it was slowly warmed to 0° C. over 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of sat. ag. NaHCO₃ solution. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. The crude was charged on isolute and purified using the automated purification system (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) and the solvent was evaporated to give the product as colorless oil (64.4 mg, 74%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₅₃H₅₅Cl₃N₄O₁₇Na⁺ 1147.252 [M+Na]⁺, found 1147.2558.

Compound 29* (80 mg, 0.071 mmol) was dissolved in pyridine (1 mL) and hydrazine acetate (19.6 mg, 0.213 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of acetone and stirred for 45 minutes before evaporating. The crude was charged on isolute and purified using the automated purification system (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) and the solvent was evaporated to give the product as colorless oil (72.8 mg, 100%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₄₈H₄₉Cl₃N₄O₁₅Na⁺ 1049.2152 [M+Na]⁺, found 1049.2176.

A-2 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae Galactan-I (O1) Saccharide A-2-1 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O1 tetrasaccharide

Both 5-azidopentanol (0.226 g, 1.747 mmol) and compound 35* (0.9 g, 1.344 mmol) were dried azeotropically using toluene in vacuum. Redissolved the compound in toluene (6 mL) and 1,4 dioxane (2 mL) mixture at rt, added 4 A molecular sieves and stirred for 20 min. Cooled the RM to −5° C. added TMSOTf and stirred the RM at −5° C. for 5 mins and slowly warmed to 2° C. over one hour. RM was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (2 mL) at 10° C., separated the layers, dried the organic layer (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum. Purification using automated purification system Biotage (silica column chromatography using EA/CHx) led to the product as a mixture of anomers (fr1, 314 mg, alpha product) and (fr2, 300 mg, beta product) (75%).

Compound 32* (300 mg, 0.492 mmol) was taken in DCM (5 mL) and buffer solution (10 mL) at rt, and added DDQ (335 mg, 1.476 mmol) in portions over 20 mins And stirred for 1.5 h. RM was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and extracted with DCM (10 mL×3). Combined organics were washed with sat. NaHCOs (5 mL), brine (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated in vacuum to obtain crude product. Purification using Biotage (silica column-EA/CHx as eluents) led to the product as the colorless gummy liquid (210 mg, 91%).

Compound 34* was prepared from compound 2* according to the procedure described for the synthesis of compound 23* from 22*

Compound 34* (15.5 g, 31.1 mmol) was dried azeotropically using toluene in the rotary evaporator and overnight under high vacuum. The solid was taken in DCM (300 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere, added Cs₂CO₃ (30.4 g, 93 mmol) to it and stirred for 10 min. Added (E)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-phenylacetimidoyl chloride (16.13 g, 78 mmol) to the RM neat and stirred the RM at rt for 3 h. RM was filtered through the celite, washed with DCM (50 mL×4). Combined filtrate was evaporated in vacuum to get the crude product. Purification was done on silica column treated with triethylamine and ethyl acetate/cyclohexane as eluents to get product out, on evaporation and drying under vacuum it yielded pale yellowish fluffy solid (18.5 g, 89%).

To a solution of thioglycoside 8*(1.58 g, 2.31 mmol) dissolved in DCM:H₂O (1:0.3, 26 mL) was added NBS (1.23 g, 6.94 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at the same temperature for 1 h. TLC (50% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) showed complete consumption of the starting material. The reaction was diluted with DCM (20 mL), and washed with 10% Na₂S₂O₃ (10 mL) and sat. NaHCOs (10 mL) and the organic layer separated, dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent evaporated to give the crude material. Automated purification (Combiflash) using silica gel and ethyl acetate/cyclohexane as the eluent gave the product as a colorless oil (1.12 g, 1.89 mmol). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₃₂H₃₀O₁₁Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 613.1686, found 613.1628.

Lactol 36* (18.5 g, 31.3 mmol) was taken in DCM (300 mL) at rt, added imidazole (6.40 g, 94 mmol) and the TDSCl (11.20 g, 62.7 mmol) to it and stirred at rt for 5 min. White precipitation formation was observed and stirring continued for 18 hours more. TLC analysis showed the presence of intense non polar spots (major beta and minor alpha) and very less SM. RM was then quenched with water, extracted with DCM (100 mL×3). Combined organics were washed with brine solution (100 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated in vacuum to get colourless gummy residue. On Biotage silica column (220 g) purification using EA-Cyclohexane, the non-polar spots were collected as fr1 (only beta anomer), and fr2 (mixture of two anomers, major alpha) and polar spots as fr3, evaporated in vacuum to get desired product as colourless gummy liquid as fr1 (16 g, pure beta) and fr2 (4.6 g, major alpha). So, total yield of the reaction was 90% (20.6 g).

Compound 37* (15.9 g, 21.69 mmol) was taken in Pyridine (100 mL) at rt, added hydrazine acetate (5.99 g, 65.1 mmol) to it and stirred at rt for 18 h. TLC showed the presence of a sugar active spot slightly non-polar to the Rf value of the SM in 40% EA/Hexanes. RM was then quenched with acetone and stirred for 45 mins at rt. The RM was then evaporated to dryness in vacuum. The residue was purified using Biotage with EA-Cyclohexane as eluents to get the sugar active spot, on evaporation and drying in the high vacuum the desired compound was obtained as colourless gummy liquid (12.8 g, 93%).

Both compound 38* (5.40 g, 8.51 mmol) and compound 35* (7.41 g, 11.06 mmol) were taken in RBF and dried azeotropically using dry toluene in the vacuum. The mixture was taken in Toluene (60 ml) and Dioxane (20 mL) at rt, added 4 A molecular sieves to it and stirred at rt for 30 min under N₂ atmosphere. Cooled the RM to −2 deg using Ice water bath and added TMSOTf (0.189 g, 0.851 mmol) to the RM and stirred the RM at 5° C. for 20 mins. TLC showed almost completion of the reaction. RM was then allowed to warm slowly to room temp over one hr. TLC analysis showed the completion of the reaction. RM was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ (100 mL), stirred for 10 mins. Extracted with EA (50 mL×3). Combined organics were washed with water (100 mL), brine (50 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated in vacuum to get crude product. Column purification on silica was done using EA/cyclohexane on Biotage. So, yield of the reaction was 8.35 g, 88%. HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₆₆H₇₀O₁₄SiNa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1137.4433, found 1137.4339.

Compound 39* (1.15 g, 1.031 mmol) was taken in THF (6 mL), added dried 4 A molecular sieves to it and stirred at rt for 15 mins. Added BH₃-THF (8.25 mL, 8.25 mmol) solution to the RM and stirred for 5 mins before the addition of the TMSOTf and stirred at rt for 16 hrs. RM was quenched with methanol (10 mL) slowly (careful, effervescence) at rt and stirred for 45 mins, and then diluted with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (25 mL) and EA (10 mL). Stirred the RM well for 2 hrs. Separated the layers. The aqueous layer was extracted with EA (25 mL×3). Combined organics were washed with brine solution (10 mL), dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum to get colourless gummy liquid. Crude product was column purified using EA/Cyclohexane and product eluted with 20-30% EA/Cyclohexane, evaporation of fractions containing product spots in rotary evaporator yielded the colourless gummy liquid (0.73 g, 63.4%).

Compound 40* (1.0 g, 0.895 mmol) was taken in DCM (20 mL) at rt, added pyridine (1.086 mL, 13.42 mmol) and DMAP (0.022 g, 0.179 mmol) to it and stirred for 5 mins. Then added BzCl (0.503 g, 3.58 mmol) to it and stirred for 48 h. TLC analysis (20% EA/CHx) showed completion of the reaction. RM was diluted with DCM (25 mL) and NaHCO₃ (20 mL), separated the layers. The Organic layer was washed with brine solution (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated in vacuum to get pale brown residue. Purification using Biotage-Silica column with EA and CHx as solvents gave pure product out, which on evaporation of fractions containing product in vacuum to get colourless gummy solid. Added dry toluene to it and azeotropically dried the material in rotavapour twice and then dried under high vacuum to get colourless gummy solid (900 mg, 82%).

Compound 41* (125 mg, 0.120 mmol) was taken in DCM (3 mL) and buffer solution (3 mL) at rt, added DDQ (69.7 mg, 0.307 mmol) in portions over 20 mins, RM became black then it turned to reddish brown colour. RM stirred for 2 h. TLC analysis (20% EA/CHx) showed the presence of polar spot and little SM. So continued stirring for 0.5 h more. RM was quenched with NaHCOs solution (10 mL) and extracted with DCM (10 mL×3). Combined organics were washed with brine solution (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated in vacuum to get crude product. Crude product was purified using Biotage with silica column-EA/Chx as eluents to get product out (86 mg, 78%).

Compound 41* (940 mg, 0.770 mmol) was taken in pyridine (10 mL) in a 50 mL falcon tube, at rt and stirred for 5 mins. Then added HF-Py (1144 mg, 11.54 mmol) to it (careful: bubbles and exothermic). RM was stirred at rt for 18 h. TLC analysis (20% EA/Chx) showed that SM was present and a polar spot formed as well. So, added 10 equivalent of HF-Py one more time to RM and RM was stirred at rt for 30 h more and TLC analysis (20% EA/Chx) showed that still some SM was present and a major polar spot as well. RM was quenched with water (50 mL), and diluted with DCM (50 mL), mixed the layers well with stirring at rt, separated the layers. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (25 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with NaHCO₃ wash (50 mL×2, careful some effervescence), brine (3 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, evaporated in vacuum to get white gummy liquid. Crude product was purified using Biotage with silica column-EA/CHx as eluents to get the product out (661 mg, 80%).

Lactol 43* (600 mg, 0.556 mmol) was taken in DCM (20 mL) at rt under N₂ atmosphere, added Cs₂CO₃ (725 mg, 2.224 mmol) to it and stirred for 5 mins. Then added the Imidoyl chloride reagent (346 mg, 1.668 mmol) to it and stirred for 2 h. TLC analysis showed that the reaction was complete and intense non polar spot was present and no SM was present. So, RM was filtered to remove the solid, washed the residue with DCM. The Filtrate was concentrated in vacuum. Crude product was purified using Silica column (treated with TEA in cyclohexanes before loading the column) using EA/CHx+1% TEA as eluents to get product fractions out. On evaporation and drying under vacuum off-white coloured fluffy solid was obtained (682 mg, 98%).

Both compound 33* (80 mg, 0.170 mmol) and compound 44* (256 mg, 0.204 mmol) were dried azeotropically using dry toluene in the vacuum together. They were taken in DCM (5 mL) at rt, added 4 A molecular sieves to it and stirred for 20 min under N₂ atmosphere. Cooled the RM to −5° C. using Ice-Acetone bath and added TMSOTf (6.16 μL, 0.034 mmol) to the RM and stirred the RM at −5° C. for 5 mins slowly warmed to 2° C. over 1 h. TLC analysis (30% EA/CHx then in 20% EA/CHx) showed that the reaction was complete. RM was quenched with NaHCOs solution (5 mL) at 10° C., separated the layers. Aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3 mL×2). Combined organics were washed with brine solution (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum. Purified by Biotage on silica column chromatography using EA/CHx to get fractions containing product spot on evaporation under vacuum yielded desired product as colorless gummy solid (231 mg, 89%).

Compound 45* (220 mg, 0.144 mmol) was taken in DCM (6 mL) and buffer solution (12 mL) at rt, added DDQ (98 mg, 0.431 mmol) in portions over 20 mins, RM became black then it turned to reddish brown color. RM stirred for 1.5 h. TLC analysis (20% EA/CHx) showed the presence of polar spot and little SM. So continued stirring for 0.5 h more. RM was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (15 mL) and extracted with DCM (10 mL×3). Combined organics were washed with sat. NaHCOs solution (5 mL), brine solution (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated in vacuum to get crude product. Crude product was purified using Biotage with silica column-EA/CHx as eluents to get product out as colorless gummy solid (160 mg, 80%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₇₉H₇₉O₂₀N₃Na [M+Na]⁺ 1412.5155, found 1412.5040.

Both compound 46* (25 mg, 0.018 mmol) and compound 21* (27.9 mg, 0.036 mmol) were dried azeotropically using dry toluene in the vacuum together. They were taken in DCM (2 mL) at rt, added 4 A molecular sieves to it and stirred for 20 min under N₂ atmosphere. Cooled the RM to −10° C. using Ice-Acetone bath and added TMSOTf (0.650 μL, 3.60 μmol) to the RM and stirred the RM at −10° C. for 5 mins slowly warmed to 2° C. over one hour. TLC analysis (30% EA/CHx then in 20% EA/CHx) showed that the reaction was complete and presence of intense spot. RM was quenched with NaHCO₃ solution (5 mL) at 10° C., separated the layers. Aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3 mL×2). Combined organics were washed with brine solution (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum. Purified by Biotage on silica column chromatography using EA/CHx to get fractions containing product spot on evaporation under vacuum yielded desired product as colorless layer (6 mg, 17%).

Compound 47* (6 mg, 3.03 μmol) was taken in THF-MeOH (1:1, 2 mL) at rt, added NaOMe solution in methanol (0.121 mL, 0.061 mmol) to it and continued stirring for 18 h. TLC analysis (30% EA/CHx) showed the absence of the SM and presence of a polar spot. So, RM was evaporated in vacuum. Diluted with EA (3 mL) and water (2 mL). Acidified with AcOH (˜0.2 mL). Extracted with EA (2 mL×3). Combined organics were washed with brine solution (2 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum to get crude product. ¹H NMR and HRMS shows that the crude product has desired product as well the intermediate products where one Bz and may be two Bz groups still present in the molecule. So, RM was resubjected to the reaction conditions again at rt. RM was diluted with EA (3 mL) and water (2 mL). Acidified with AcOH (˜0.1 mL). Extracted with EA (2 mL×3). Combined organics were washed with water (2 mL), brine solution (2 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum to get crude product. ¹H NMR and HRMS shows that the crude product has desired product as well a little mono Bz containing intermediate. So, RM was resubjected to the reaction conditions again at 50° C. for 18 h. RM was cooled to rt and then diluted with EA (3 mL) and water (2 mL). Acidified with AcOH (˜0.1 mL). Extracted with EA (2 mL×3). Combined organics were washed with water (2 mL), brine solution (2 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum to get crude product (3 mg, 68%).

Compound 48* (3 mg, 2.060 mmol) was taken in solvent mixture (DCM-tBuOH-two drops of water), added Pd/C in tBuOH (0.5 mL) to it and hydrogenated for 24 h at 5 bar pressure of H₂ at rt. RM was filtered through PTFE filter, washed the residue with Methanol (6 mL), (50% Methanol-water (6 mL). The filtrate was evaporated in vacuum to get the crude product. 1H nmr analysis showed the completion of the reaction and the presence of product. So, crude product was purified through the C18 Sepak column using water (3 mL×2, fr1), 20% ACN-water (3 mL×2, fr2) and ACN (3 mL, fr3). All the fractions were frozen and lyophilized for 24 h to get fr1 as the desired product (colorless layer, 0.71 mg, 46%). LRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₂₉H₅₄NO₂₁H⁺[M+H]⁺ 753.3222, found 753.4608.

A-2-2 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O1 Hexasaccharide

Both compound 46* (125 mg, 0.090 mmol) and compound 107* (227 mg, 0.135 mmol) were dried azeotropically using dry toluene in the vacuum together. They were taken in DCM (5 mL) at rt, added 4 A molecular sieves to it and stirred for 20 min under N₂ atmosphere. Cooled the RM to −10° C. using Ice-Acetone bath and added TMSOTf (3.25 μL, 0.018 mmol) to the RM and stirred the RM at −10° C. for 5 mins slowly warmed to 2° C. over 1 h. TLC analysis (30% EA/CHx then in 20% EA/CHx) showed that the reaction was complete and presence of intense spot. RM was quenched with NaHCO₃ solution (5 mL) at 10° C., separated the layers. Aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3 mL×2). Combined organics were washed with brine solution (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum. Purified by Biotage on silica column chromatography using EA/CHx to get the desired product as a colorless layer (160 mg, 62%). LRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₇₁H₁₆₃N₃O₃₉Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 2906.0795, found 2906.0327.

Compound 50* was subjected to methanolysis according to general protocol A:

Product obtained as white gummy solid (65 mg, 91%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₁₁₅H₁₃₁N₃NaO₃₁ ⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 2072.8664, found 2073.540.

Compound 51* was subjected to hydrogenation reaction according to general protocol A:

Product obtained as white fluffy solid (9 mg, 69%).

HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₄₁H₇₄NO₃₁ [M+H]⁺ 1076.4245, found 1076.4282.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Deuterium Oxide) δ 5.26 (s, 1H), 5.22 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (dd, J=3.0, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.37-4.05 (m, 12H), 4.02-3.89 (m, 5H), 3.87-3.63 (m, 19H), 3.62-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.11-2.99 (m, 2H), 1.84-1.64 (m, 4H), 1.58-1.44 (m, 2H).

Compounds 52a-l* are prepared similarly to compound 52* from compound 35* and the corresponding alcohol as shown in FIG. 12.

A-2-3 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O1 Octasaccharide

Both compound 42* (40 mg, 0.037 mmol) and compound 44* (445 mg, 0.356 mmol) were dried azeotropically using dry toluene in the vacuum separately. They were taken in DCM (10 mL) at rt, added 4 A molecular sieves to it and stirred for 10 min. To this Imidate donor in DCM (1 mL) was added and stirred at rt for 30 min under N₂ atmosphere. Cooled the RM to −20 deg using dry Ice-ACN bath and added TMSOTf (7.40 μL, 1.34 μmol) to the RM and stirred the RM at −20 deg for 5 mins slowly warmed to 2 deg over one h. TLC analysis (30% EA/CHx then in 20% EA/CHx) showed that the reaction was complete and absence of the SM 42* and presence of a slightly polar spot. RM was quenched with NaHCO₃ solution (2 mL) at 10 deg, separated the layers, dried the organice layer (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum. Purified by silica column chromatography using EA/CHx to get fractions containing product, on evaporation under vacuum yielded desired product colourless layer (630 mg, 91%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₂₇H₁₂₄O₂₉SiNa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 2164.7929, found 2164.7727.

Compound 53* (300 mg, 0.140 mmol) was taken in DCM (5 mL) and buffer solution (pH 7.4, 7 mL) at rt, added DDQ (95 mg, 0.420 mmol) in portions over 20 mins, RM became black then it turned to reddish brown color. RM stirred for 2 h. TLC analysis (30% EA/CHx) showed the presence of polar spot and little SM. So continued stirring for 0.5 h more. RM was quenched with NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL) and extracted with DCM (10 mL×3). Combined organics were washed with brine solution (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, concentrated in vacuum to get crude product. Crude product was purified using Biotage with silica column-EA/Chx as eluents to get product out (215 mg, 76%).

Compound 53* (1.0 g g, 0.467 mmol) was taken in pyridine (10 mL) in a 50 mL Falcon tube, at rt and stirred for 5 mins. Then added HF-Py (1.5 ml, 16.34 mmol) to it (careful: bubbles and exothermic). RM was stirred at rt for 18 h. TLC analysis (30% EA/Chx) showed that a polar spot formed. RM was quenched with water (50 mL), and diluted with DCM (50 mL), mixed the layers well with stirring at rt, separated the layers. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (25 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with NaHCOs wash (50 mL×2, careful some effervescence), brine (3 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, evaporated in vacuum to get white gummy liquid. Crude product was purified using biotage with silica column-EA/CHx as eluents to get the product out (930 mg, quantitative).

Lactol 55* (1.1 g, 0.550 mmol) was taken in DCM (20 mL) at rt under N₂ atmosphere, added Cs₂CO₃ (717 mg, 2.200 mmol) to it and stirred for 5 mins. Then added the Imidoyl chloride reagent (0.261 mL, 1.65 mmol) to it and stirred for 2 h. TLC analysis showed that the reaction was complete and intense non polar spot was present and no SM was present. So, RM was filtered to remove the solid, washed the residue with DCM. The Filtrate was concentrated in vacuum. On evaporation and drying under vacuum off-white coloured fluffy solid was obtained (1.2 g, 100%).

Compound 57* was obtained from compound 56* by glycosylation reaction with 5-azidopentanol according to general procedure B:

Product obtained as white fluffy solid (218 mg, 90%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₁₂₄H₁₁₆N₃O₂₉ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 2110.7694, found 2110.169.

Compound 58* was obtained from compound 57* by performing removal of the Nap protecting group according to general procedure A:

Product obtained as white fluffy solid (102 mg, 51%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₁₁₃H₁₀₈N₃O₂₉ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 1970.7068, found 1969.901.

Compound 59* was obtained from compound 58* and compound 110* by glycosylation reaction according to general procedure B:

Product obtained as white fluffy solid (128 mg, 63%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₂₃₂H₂₁₆N₃O₅₅ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 3923.4197, found 3923.293.

Compound 59* was subjected to methanolysis according to general protocol B:

Product obtained as white solid layer (44 mg, quantitative).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₁₃₄H₁₆₀N₃O₄₁ [M+H]⁺ 2467.0527, found 2466.377.

Compound 60* is subjected to hydrogenation reaction according to general protocol C.

Product obtained as white fluffy solid (21 mg, 95%).

HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₅₃H₉₄NO₄₁ [M+H]⁺ 1400.5301, found 1400.5375.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Deuterium Oxide) δ 5.19 (s, 1H), 5.17 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (dd, J=4.9, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 5.02 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (dd, J=2.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.31-4.10 (m, 11H), 4.08-3.53 (m, 38H), 3.02-2.93 (m, 2H), 1.66 (dp, J=14.2, 7.1, 6.5 Hz, 4H), 1.52-1.34 (m, 2H).

Compounds 61a-l* are prepared similarly to compound 61* from compound 56* and the corresponding alcohol as shown in FIG. 12.

A-2-4 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O1 Pentadecasaccharide

Compound 62* was obtained by glycosylation reaction of compound 56* and compound 46* according to general protocol B:

Product obtained as white fluffy solid (293 mg, 81%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₁₉8H₁₈₄N₃O₄₈ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ , 3371.2049 found 3372.109.

Compound 63* was obtained from compound 62* by performing removal of the Nap protecting group according to general procedure A:

Product obtained as white fluffy solid (152 mg, 63%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₁₈₇H₁₇₆N₃O₄₈ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 3231.1423, found 3232.291.

Compound 64* was obtained from compound 63* and compound 115* by glycosylation reaction according to general procedure B:

Product obtained as white fluffy solid (52 mg, 32%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C414H384N3O100⁺ [M+H]⁺ 6996.5055, found 7001.685.

Compound 64* was subjected to methanolysis according to general protocol B:

Product obtained as white solid (25 mg, 97%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₂₄₆H₂₈₈N₃O₇₆ [M+H]⁺ 4499.8763, found 4500.132.

Compound 65* is subjected to hydrogenation reaction according to general protocol B C.

Compounds 66a-l* are prepared similarly to compound 66* from compound 35* and the corresponding alcohol as shown in FIG. 12.

A-3 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O2 (2c) Saccharides A-3-1 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O2 Disaccharide

Compound 29* (15 mg, 0.013 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (1 mL) and 1M TBAF solution in THF (133 μL, 0.133 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The mixture was evaporated and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate twice, the organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to give the product as a pale yellow oil (13.2 mg). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₅₀H₅₄N₄O₁₅H⁺951.3658 [M+H]⁺ , 951.3650 found.

Compound 67* (13 mg, 0.014 mmol) was taken in 5 mL RBF, anhydrous toluene (2 mL) was added and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process one times more. The material was dried under high vacuum for 30 min. It was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (1 mL) and acetic anhdride (3.88 μL, 0.041 mmol) and triethylamine (9.53 μL, 0.068 mmol) were added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. The mixture was evaporated and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and sat. aqu. NaHCO₃ solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate twice, the organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The residue was taken in 5 mL RBF, anhydrous toluene (2 mL) was added and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process one times more. The material was dried under high vacuum for 30 min. It was dissolved in anhydrous THF/methanol 1:1 (1 mL) and 0.5M sodium methoxide solution in methanol (1.108 mL, 0.70 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was evaporated and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate twice, the organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to give the product as a pale yellow oil (5.4 mg).

HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₂₆H₃₈N₄O₁₁Na⁺ 605.2435 [M+Na]⁺ , 605.2548 found.

Compound 68* (5 mg, 8.58 μmol) was subjected to hydrogenation reaction according to general protocol C. The mixture was purified first by SEC chromatography (G-25, water) and then by C18 Sepak column (water/acetonitrile) to give product (0.81 mg, 13.3% over 5 steps).

HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₉H₃₆N₂O₁₁H⁺469.2392 [M+H]⁺ , 469.2419 found.

A-3-2 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O2(2c) Hexasaccharide

Compound 28* (38 mg, 0.032 mmol) and compound 30* (30 mg, 0.029 mmol) were taken in 10 mL RBF, anhydrous toluene (4 mL) was added and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process two times more. The material was dried under high vacuum for 12 h. Anhydrous dichloromethane (1 mL) and dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added to it under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 10 min and then cooled to −10° C. TMSOTf (0.53 μL, 2.92 μmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred while it was slowly warmed to 0° C. over a time period of 2 h. TLC analysis showed the disappearance of the donor spot and the presence of a new spot. The reaction was quenched by the addition of sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM. The organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to give crude product. The crude was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) and the solvent was evaporated to give the product as a colorless oil (40.5 mg, 68.5%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₉₆H₉₃Cl₆N₅O₃₁K⁺2064.6023 [M+K]⁺ , 2064.3657 found.

Compound 70* (40 mg, 0.020 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous pyridine (1 mL) and hydrazine acetate (5.46 mg, 0.059 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of acetone. It was stirred for 45 minutes and then evaporated to give crude product. The crude was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) and the solvent was evaporated to give the product as a colorless oil (32.9 mg, 86%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₉₁H₈₇Cl₆N₅O₂₉Na⁺ 1950.3928 [M+Na]⁺ , 1950.3255 found.

Compound 28* (20.3 mg, 0.017 mmol) and compound 71* (30 mg, 0.016 mmol) were taken in 10 mL RBF, anhydrous toluene (4 mL) was added and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process two times more. The material was dried under high vacuum for 12 h. Anhydrous dichloromethane (1 mL) and dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added to it under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 10 min and then cooled to −10° C. TMS-OTf (0.28 μL, 1.56 μmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred while it was slowly warmed to 0° C. over a time period of 1.5 h. TLC analysis showed the disappearance of the donor spot and the presence of a new spot. The reaction was quenched by the addition of sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM. The organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to give crude product. The crude was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) and the solvent was evaporated to give the product as a white solid (18.9 mg, 41.5%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₃9H₁₃₁Cl₉N₆O₄₅Na⁺ 2947.6132 [M+Na]⁺ , 2947.5147 found.

Compound 73*is prepared from compound 72* according to the procedure described for the synthesis of compound 67*.

Compound 74*is prepared from compound 73* according to the procedure described for the synthesis of compound 68*.

Compound 75*is prepared from compound 74* according to the procedure described for the synthesis of compound 69*.

A-4 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O2ac Saccharide A-4-1 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O2ac Tetrasaccharide

Cs₂CO₃ (2.2 g, 6.77 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluro-N-phenyl-acetimidoyl chloride (2.1 g, 3.39 mmol) were added to a solution of lactol 36* (2.0 g, 3.39 mmol) in DCM (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature and monitored by TLC. After 2 hours all the starting material was consumed and the reaction was filtered through celite and washed with DCM (20 mL). The solvent was evaporated and the product purified by column chromatography using silica-gel and ethyl acetate/cyclohexane+1% Et₃N as the eluent. The tubes containing the product by TLC were combined and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a colorless oil (2.58 g, 100%).

Compound 77* was prepared by glycosylation reaction between compound 76* and compound 33* according to general protocol B:

Product obtained as white fluffy solid (249 mg, 75%).

HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₅₇H₅₉N₃NaO₁₆ [M+Na]⁺ 1064.3793, found 1064.3801.

Compound 78* was prepared from compound 77* according to general protocol A for the removal of the Lev protecting group:

Product obtained as white fluffy solid (171 mg, 79%).

HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₅₂H₅₃N₃NaO₁₄ [M+Na]⁺ 966.3425, found 966.3422.

Compound 79* was prepared by glycosylation reaction between compound 78* and compound 28* according to general protocol B:

Product obtained as white fluffy solid (44 mg, 46%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₁₀₀H₉₇Cl₃N₄NaO₃₀ ⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1961.5151, found 1963.686.

Compound 79* (10 mg, 5.48 μmol) was taken in THF (2 mL), at rt, added 1M TBAF solution (0.11 mL, 0.11 mol) in THF to the reaction mixture and stirred at rt for 18 h. RM was quenched with water (5 mL) and diluted with EA (5 mL). Separated the layers, aqueous layer was extracted with EA (5 mL×3). Combined organic layer was washed with brine solution (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vaccum to get the crude amine product. This crude product was taken in DCM, added TEA (50 eq) and Ac2O (40 eq) to it and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (5 mL) and diluted with DCM (5 mL). Separated the layers, aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (5 mL×3). Combined organic layer was washed with brine solution (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum to get the crude NHAc product. This crude mixture was then taken in THF-MeOH (1:1 mL) at rt, added excess 0.5 M NaOMe solution in methanol to it and continued stirring at 55° C. for 18 h. RM was evaporated in vacuum. Diluted with EA and water. Acidified with AcOH till neutral pH. Extracted with EA. Combined organics were washed with brine solution, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum to get crude product as pale yellowish layer (5 mg, 84%, over three steps).

Compound 80* was subjected to hydrogenation reaction according to general protocol C:

Product obtained as white fluffy solid.

HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₃₁H₅₇N₂O₂₁ [M+H]⁺ 793.3454, found 793.3455.

A-4-2 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O2ac Octasaccharide

Compound 82* was prepared by glycosylation reaction between compound 76* and compound 46* according to general protocol B:

Product obtained as colorless glassy layer (155 mg, 73%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₁₁₁H₁₀₈N₃O₃₀ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 1962.7018, found 1963.426.

Compound 83* was prepared from compound 82* according to general protocol A for the removal of the Lev protecting group:

Product obtained as white fluffy solid (140 mg, 98%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₁₀₆H₁₀₂N₃O₂₈ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 1864.6650, found 1864.973.

Compound 84* was prepared by glycosylation reaction between compound 83* and compound 28* according to general protocol B:

Product obtained as colorless glassy layer (85 mg, 55%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₁₅₄H₁₄₆Cl₃N₄O₄₄ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 2859.8376, found 2859.868.

Compound 85* was prepared from compound 84* according to general protocol A for the removal of the Lev protecting group:

Product obtained as white fluffy solid (70 mg, 91%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C149H140Cl3N4O42⁺ [M+H]⁺ 2761.8008, found 2763.646.

Compound 86* was prepared by glycosylation reaction between compound 85* and compound 28* according to general protocol B:

Product obtained as colorless glassy layer (31 mg, 46%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₁₉₇H₁₈₄Cl₆N5O₅₈ ⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3756.9733, found 3759.266.

Compound 87*is prepared from compound 86* according to the procedure described for the synthesis of compound 80*.

Compound 87* is subjected to hydrogenation reaction according to general protocol C.

A-4-3 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O2ac Hexasaccharide

Compound 89* was obtained from compound 88* by glycosylation reaction with compound 46* according to general procedure B:

Product obtained as colorless glassy layer (9 mg, 17%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₁₅₄H₁₄₅Cl₃KN₄O₄₄ ⁺ [M+K]⁺ 2897.7934, found 2898.015.

Compound 90*is prepared from compound 89* according to the procedure described for the synthesis of compound 80*.

Compound 90* is subjected to hydrogenation reaction according to general protocol C.

A-5 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O2aeh Saccharide

To a solution of the thioglycoside 1* (1 g, 1.998 mmol) in DCM (26 mL) was added 4 A MS. Dimethylformamide (0.928 mL, 11.99 mmol) was added and the solution stirred for 30 min. Then, NIS (0.674 g, 3.00 mmol) was added, the reaction was cooled to 0° C. and TMSOTf (0.397 mL, 2.197 mmol) was added. The reaction was warmed to room temperature over 2.5 h. TLC (50% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) showed complete consumption of the starting material. The reaction was diluted with DCM (20 mL), and washed with 10% Na₂S₂O₃ (10 mL) and sat. NaHCOs (10 mL) and the organic layer separated, dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent evaporated to give the crude material. Automated purification using silica gel and ethyl acetate/cyclohexane as the eluent gave the product as a colorless oil (360 mg, 35%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₂₉H₃₃N₃O₆Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 542.2267, found 542.2293.

To a solution of compound 9* (687 mg, 1.039 mmol) and compound 92* (360 mg, 0.693 mmol) in toluene:dioxane (3:1, 13.5 mL) was added 4 A MS and the mixture let stir at room temperature for 2 h. Then, NIS (312 mg, 1.386 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture cooled to 0° C. TMSOTf (0.013 mL, 0.069 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for 1 h at 0° C. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (10 mL), filtered and extracted with Na₂SO₃ and NaHCO₃ sat. aq. sol. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent concentrated in rotavapor. Purification by automated purification system (Ethyl acetate in cyclohexane, O-50%) afforded the product along with some impurities (685 mg, 92%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₆₃H₆₃N₃O₁₃Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1092.4259, found 1092.4306.

To a solution of compound 93* (250 mg, 0.234 mmol) in DCM:Phosphate Buffer 7.4 (2:1, 9 mL) in a 25 mL RBF was added 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (80 mg, 0.350 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at room temperature. Reaction was diluted with DCM (10 mL) and quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ (5 mL). The organic layer was washed with sat. NaHCOs (5 mL) and brine (5 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ (0.2 g), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum for 15 min to obtain the crude product. The crude product was purified by automated flash chromatography using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). Concentration of solvent from test tubes containing the product (based on TLC) in vacuum resulted in a colorless oil (178 mg, 82%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₅₂H₅₅N₃O₁₃Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 952.3633, found 952.3665.

Compound 95* was prepared as follows:

To a solution of thioglycoside 10*(1 g, 1.45 mmol) dissolved in DCM:H₂O (1:0.3, 14 mL) was added NBS (0.775 g, 4.36 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at the same temperature for 1 h. TLC (50% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) showed complete consumption of the starting material. The reaction was diluted with DCM (20 mL), and washed with 10% Na₂S₂O₃ (10 mL) and sat. NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and the organic layer separated, dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent evaporated to give the crude material. Automated purification (Combiflash) using silica gel and ethyl acetate/cyclohexane as the eluent gave the lactol product as a colorless oil (0.85 g, 98%). Cs₂CO₃ (1.3 mg, 4.02 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluro-/V-phenyl-acetimidoyl chloride (0.557 mg, 2.68 mmol) were added to a solution of lactol (0.8 g, 1.34 mmol) in DCM (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature and monitored by TLC. After 2 hours all the starting material was consumed and the reaction was filtered through celite and washed with DCM (20 mL). The solvent was evaporated and the product purified by column chromatography using silica-gel (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane+1% Et₃N). The tubes containing the product by TLC were combined and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a colorless oil (850 mg, 83%).

To a solution of compound 95* (198 mg, 0.258 mmol) and compound 94* (120 mg, 0.129 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added 4 A MS and the mixture let stir at room temperature for 20 min. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to −50° C., TMSOTf (0.005 mL, 0.028 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture warmed to −5° C. over 2 h. The reaction was filtered and the solvent evaporated. Purification by automated purification system (Ethyl acetate in cyclohexane) afforded the product (120 mg, 62%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₈₆H₈₁N₃O₂₂Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1531.5234, found 1531.5304.

Compound 96* (120 mg, 0.080 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (2 mL) and ethanethiol (0.071 mL, 0.955 mmol) and pTSOH (18 mg, 0.095 mmol) were added sequently. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. TLC analysis showed the conversion of the starting material and a new more polar spot. The reaction was quenched with triethylamine (0.2 mL) and the solvent evaporated to give crude product as a pale yellow oil. The crude was purified by automated column chromatography using cyclohexane/ethyl acetate to give the product as an oil (110 mg, 97%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₇₉H₇₇N₃O₂₂Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1442.4896, found 1441.4948.

Sodium methoxide solution in MeOH 25% w/w (0.319 mL, 1.478 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 97* (105 mg, 0.074 mmol) in a mixture of MeOH:THF (2:1, 1.5 mL). The reaction was stirred at the same temperature for 20 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of AcOH (1 mL) and the solvent evaporated. The crude material was loaded in isolute. Purification by silica gel chromatography using the eluent sequence: 1) cyclohexane, 2) Ethyl acetate and 3) MeOH in DCM 5%, afforded the product after evaporation of the solvent as a white solid (29 mg, 49%).

Compound 98* (29 mg, 0.036 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of DCM:tBuOH:H2O (0.4:1.6:0.4, 2.4 mL). PdC (25 mg, 0.023 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was purged with hydrogen (5 times) and the reaction let stir under hydrogen pressure (5 bar) for 22 h. Then, the reaction mixture was filtered through PTFE filter using H₂O:ACN (1:1), the organic solvents evaporated in rotavapor and the crude material was lyophilized. The crude was purified by SepPack using miliQ H₂O to give the product as a white solid (17.7 mg, 82%). Calcd for C₂₃H₄₄NO₁₆ [M+H]⁺ 590.2660, found 590.2656. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.21 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.05 (m, 4H), 4.06-3.90 (m, 5H), 3.89-3.49 (m, 11H), 2.99 (t, J=1.9 Hz, 2H), 1.73-1.62 (m, 4H), 1.51-1.41 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, D₂O) δ 108.9, 95.2, 95.1, 82.5, 81.8, 77.3, 75.1, 71.0, 70.7, 70.6, 70.0, 69.6, 69.4, 69.3, 68.2, 67.8, 62.7, 61.2, 39.4, 28.0, 26.5, 22.4.

A-6 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae Galactan-II Saccharide A-6-1 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae Galactan-II Hexasaccharide

Compound 19* (85 mg, 0.119 mmol) and compound 18* (50 mg, 0.099 mmol) were taken in 10 mL RBF added anhydrous Toluene (5 mL) and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process two times more. The material was dried under high vacuum for 12 h. Then anhyd. Anhydrous didchloromethane (1 mL) and dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added to it under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 45 min and then cooled to 0° C. (ice-water mixture in isotherm). NIS (31 mg, 0.139 mmol) and triflic acid (0.8 μL, 9.91 μmol) were added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 15 min. Then it was slowly warmed to 10° C. for 0.5 h and then stirred at RT for 1 h. TLC analysis showed the disappearance of the donor spot and the presence of a new spot. The reaction was quenched at 5° C. by the addition Triethylamine. The crude compound was extracted into DCM and washed with sat. Na₂S₂O₃ solution, sat. NaHCOs solution, and brine. After separation, organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude organic product was purified by a flash chromatography system using cyclohexane/ethyl acetate gradient system and gave pale yellow solid (70 mg, 63%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₆₈H₆₄O₁₄Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1127.4194, found 1127.4009.

Disaccharide 100* (0.14 g, 0.127 mmol) was transferred to a stirring solution of DCM (2.8 mL) and Phosphate buffer ph 7.4 (1.4 mL) in a 10 mL RBF under nitrogen atmosphere. DDQ (0.129 g, 0.570 mmol) was added slowly over a period of 2.5 h, TLC analysis (40% ethyl acetate/cyclohexanes) showed the presence of a new spot slightly polar to the major amount of starting material even after 2 h, so stirred the reaction mixture for additional 4 h at RT. TLC showed the absence of the starting material, but presence of product as well as a faint polar spot. The reaction was quenched by the addition of sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and extracted into DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with sat. NaHCOs solution (10 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over anhyd. sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum at 30-35° C. bath temperature of rotary evaporator in a 100 mL RBF for 1 h to obtain the crude as a pale yellow oil. Purification was done on silica gel column chromatography using ethyl acetate in cyclohexane. Dichloromethane was then added to this and continued evaporation under vacuum for 30 min resulted in a colorless transparent gummy liquid which was dried under high vacuum for 16-18 h to form a fluffy white solid (81 mg, 66%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₅₇H₅₆O₁₄Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 987.3569, found 987.3387.

(1,5-Cyclooctadiene)(pyridine)(tricyclohexylphosphine)-Ir(I)]PF₆ (7.65 mg, 9.05 μmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) and nitrogen was bubbled through the solution for two minutes at room temperature while the red colored catalyst dissolved. The solution was then purged with hydrogen for two minutes, by which time the red solution changed to colorless and the solution was stirred for 15 min under hydrogen. The solution of the active catalyst was then added to a solution of compound 100* (0.1 g, 0.09 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) under nitrogen via a syringe and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCOs solution (5 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×5 mL). Combined organic layers were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to get the allyl isomerized compound (isomerization confirmed by ¹H NMR). The vinyl substrate was then taken up in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran:water (2:1, 3 mL) and iodine (46 mg, 0.18 mmol) was added at room temperature. The brown colored solution was stirred for 2 h before quenching with 10% solution of Na₂S₂O₃ solution (5 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×5 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated. Purification by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate in cyclohexane 30%) afforded the product as a yellow solid (60 mg, 63%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₆₅H₆₀O₁₄Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1087.3881, found 1087.3766.

Compound 102* (60 mg, 0.06 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (0.7 mL) Cs₂CO₃ (37 mg, 0.113 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-phenylacetimidoyl chloride (0.03 mL, 0.17 mmol) were added to the solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. TLC analysis showed a complete conversion of the starting material and new spots. The reaction mixture was filtrated through a Celite pad (1 cm). The pad was washed with DCM (20 mL), the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure and dried under high vacuum to give a pale yellow oil.

Purification was done by flash silica gel column chromatography (Cyclohexane/Ethyl acetate +0.1% Et₃N) and afforded a yellow foam (60 mg, 86%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₇₃H₆₄F₃NO₁₄Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1258.4177, found 1258.3969.

Compound 103* (13 mg, 0.097 mmol) and 5-azidopentanol (60 mg, 0.049 mmol) were taken in 10 mL RBF added anhydrous toluene (20 mL) and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process two times more. The material was dried under high vacuum for 12 h. Then anhyd. dichloromethane and dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added to it under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 45 min and then cooled to 0° C. TMS-OTf (1.8 μL, 9.7 μL) were added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min. Then it was slowly warmed to 10° C. for 0.5 h and then stirred at RT for 1 h. TLC analysis showed the disappearance of the donor spot and the presence of a new spot. The reaction was quenched at 5° C. by the addition of triethylamine. The crude organic product was purified by flash chromatography system using cyclohexane/ethyl acetate gradient system. The collected fraction were concentrated in vacuo and then was dried under high vacuum for 16 h to afford the product as a white foam (35 mg, 61%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₇₀H₆₉O₁₄Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1198.4677, found 1198.4798.

Compound 21* (355 mg, 0.458 mmol) and compound 101* (0.340 mg, 0.352 mmol) were taken in 25 mL RBF added anhydrous toluene (10 mL) and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process two times more. The starting material (0.355 g, 0.458 mmol) material was dried under high vacuum for 12 h. Then anhyd. dichloromethane (7 mL) and dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added to it under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 45 min and then cooled to 0° C. TMS-OTf (13 μL, 0.07 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min. Then it was slowly warmed to 10° C. for 0.5 h and then stirred at RT for 1 h. TLC analysis showed the disappearance of the donor spot and the presence of a new spot. The reaction was quenched at 5° C. by the addition of triethylamine. The crude organic product was purified by flash chromatography system using cyclohexane/ethyl acetate gradient system. The collected fraction were concentrated in vacuo and then was dried under high vacuum for 16 h to afford the product as a white foam (0.380 g, 70%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₉₅H₉₀O₂₀Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1573.5923, found 1573.5657.

1,5-Cyclooctadiene)(pyridine)(tricyclohexylphosphine)-Ir(I)]PF₆ (18 mg, 0.02 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (4 mL) and nitrogen was bubbled through the solution for two minutes at room temperature while the red colored catalyst dissolved. The solution was then purged with hydrogen for two minutes, by which time the red solution changed to colorless and the solution was stirred for 15 min under hydrogen. The solution of the active catalyst was then added to a solution of compound 105* (0.33 g, 0.21 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) under nitrogen via a syringe and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (5 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×5 mL). Combined organic layers were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to get the allyl isomerized compound (isomerization confirmed by ¹H NMR). The vinyl substrate was then taken up in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran:water (2:1, 3 mL) and iodine (0.11 g, 0.43 mmol) was added at room temperature. The brown colored solution was stirred for 2 h before quenching with 10% solution of Na₂S₂O₃ solution (5 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×5 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated. Purification by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate in cyclohexane 30%) afforded the product as a yellow solid (240 mg, 75%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₉₂H₈₆O₂₀Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1533.5610, found 1533.5387.

Compound 106* (0.242 g, 0.160 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (2.0 mL) Cs₂CO₃ (0.104 g, 0.320 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-phenylacetimidoyl chloride (0.08 mL, 0.480 mmol) were added to the solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. TLC analysis showed a complete conversion of the starting material and new spots. The reaction mixture was filtrated through a celite pad (1 cm). The pad was washed with DCM (20 mL), the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure and dried under high vacuum to give a pale yellow oil. Purification was done by flash silica gel column chromatography (Cyclohexane/Ethyl acetate +0.1% Et₃N) and afforded a yellow foam (240 mg, 89%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₀₀H₉₀F₃NO₂₀Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1704.5906, found 1704.5603.

Compound 107* (0.666 g, 0.539 mmol) and compound 101* (0.4 g, 0.414 mmol) were taken in 25 mL RBF added anhydrous toluene (10 mL) and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process two times more. The starting material material was dried under high vacuum for 12 h. Then anhyd. dichloromethane (8 mL) and dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added to it under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 45 min and then cooled to 0° C. TMS-OTf (15 μL, 0.018 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min. Then it was slowly warmed to 10° C. for 0.5 h and then stirred at RT for 1 h. TLC analysis showed the disappearance of the donor spot and the presence of a new spot. The reaction was quenched at 5° C. by the addition of triethylamine. The crude organic product was purified by flash chromatography system using cyclohexane/ethyl acetate gradient system. The collected fraction were concentrated in vacuo and then was dried under high vacuum for 16 h to afford the product as a white solid (0.650 g, 78%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₂₂H₁₁₄O₂₇Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 2033.7445, found 2033.7077.

(1,5-Cyclooctadiene)(pyridine)(tricyclohexylphosphine)-Ir(I)]PF₆ (6.3 mg, 7.45 μmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) and nitrogen was bubbled through the solution for two minutes at room temperature while the red colored catalyst dissolved. The solution was then purged with hydrogen for two minutes, by which time the red solution changed to colorless and the solution was stirred for 15 min under hydrogen. The solution of the active catalyst was then added to a solution of compound 108* (0.15 g, 0.075 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (0.8 mL) under nitrogen via a syringe and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (5 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×5 mL). Combined organic layers were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to get the allyl isomerized compound (isomerization confirmed by ¹H NMR). The vinyl substrate was then taken up in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran:water (2:1, 2.5 mL) and iodine (37.8 mg, 0.149 mmol) was added at room temperature. The brown colored solution was stirred for 2 h before quenching with 10% solution of Na₂S₂O₃ solution (5 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×5 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated. Purification by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate in cyclohexane 30%) afforded the product as a yellow solid (94 mg, 64%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₁₉H₁₁₀O₂₇Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1993.7132, found 1993.6822.

Compound 109* (0.094 g, 0.048 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (0.6 mL) Cs₂CO₃ (31 mg, 0.095 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-phenylacetimidoyl chloride (23 μL, 0.143 mmol) were added to the solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. TLC analysis showed a complete conversion of the starting material and new spots.

The reaction mixture was filtrated through a celite pad (1 cm). The pad was washed with DCM (20 mL), the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure and dried under high vacuum to give a pale yellowish solid.

Purification was done by flash silica gel column chromatography (Cyclohexane/Ethyl acetate +0.1% Et₃N) and afforded a yellow foam (85 mg, 83%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₂₇H₁₁₄F₃NO₂₇Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 2164.7428, found 2164.7056.

Compound 108* (0.100 g, 0.050 mmol) was transferred to a stirring solution of DCM (1.3 mL) and Methanol (0.3 mL) in a 10 mL RBF under nitrogen atmosphere equipped with a stir bar and stirring of 400 rpm. DDQ (0.056 g, 0.248 mmol) was added, TLC analysis (40% ethyl acetate/cyclohexanes) showed the presence of a new spot slightly polar to the major amount of starting material even after 2 h, so stirred the reaction mixture for additional 4 h at RT. TLC showed the absence of the starting material, but presence of product as well as a faint polar spot. The reaction was quenched by the addition of sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and extracted into DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over anhyd. Sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum at 30-35° C. bath temperature of rotary evaporator in a 100 mL RBF for 1 h to obtain the crude as a pale yellow oil. Purification was done on silica gel column chromatography using ethyl acetate in cyclohexane. Dichloromethane was then added to this and continued evaporation under vacuum for 30 min resulted in a colorless transparent gummy liquid which was dried under high vacuum for 16-18 h to form a fluffy white solid (43 mg, 46%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₁₁H₁₀₆O₂₇Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1893.6819, found 1893.6498.

Compound 103* (29 mg, 0.024 mmol) and compound 111* (34 mg, 0.018 mmol) were taken in 10 mL RBF added anhydrous toluene (3 mL) and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process two times more. The starting material material was dried under high vacuum for 12 h. Then anhyd. dichloromethane (0.3 mL) and dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added to it under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 45 min and then cooled to 0° C. TMS-OTf (0.6 μL, 3.63 μmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min. Then it was slowly warmed to 10° C. for 0.5 h and then stirred at RT for 1 h. TLC analysis showed the disappearance of the donor spot and the presence of a new spot. The reaction was quenched at 5° C. by the addition of triethylamine. The crude organic product was purified by a flash chromatography system using cyclohexane/ethyl acetate gradient system. The collected fraction were concentrated in vacuo and then was dried under high vacuum for 16 h to afford the product as a white solid (35 mg, 66%). Maldi Calcd for C₁₇₆H₁₆₄O₄₀Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 2942.2, found 2942.3.

Compound 110* (64 mg, 0.030 mmol) and compound 111* (43 mg, 0.023 mmol) were taken in 10 mL RBF added anhydrous toluene (3 mL) and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process two times more. The starting material material was dried under high vacuum for 12 h. Then anhyd. dichloromethane (0.5 mL) and dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added to it under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 45 min and then cooled to 0° C. TMS-OTf (0.8 μL, 4.59 μmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min. Then it was slowly warmed to 10° C. for 0.5 h and then stirred at RT for 1 h. TLC analysis showed the disappearance of the donor spot and the presence of a new spot. The reaction was quenched at 5° C. by the addition of triethylamine. The crude organic product was purified by a flash chromatography system using cyclohexane/ethyl acetate gradient system. The collected fraction were concentrated in vacuo and then was dried under high vacuum for 16 h to afford the product as a white fluffy solid (66 mg, 75%). Maldi Calcd for C₂₃₀H₂₁₄O₅₃Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3849.2, found 3849.4.

(1,5-Cyclooctadiene)(pyridine)(tricyclohexylphosphine)-Ir(I)]PF₆ (8.18 mg, 9.7 μmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (1.9 mL) and nitrogen was bubbled through the solution for two minutes at room temperature while the red colored catalyst dissolved. The solution was then purged with hydrogen for two minutes, by which time the red solution changed to colorless and the solution was stirred for 15 min under hydrogen. The solution of the active catalyst was then added to a solution of compound 113* (0.370 g, 0.097 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (0.9 mL) under nitrogen via a syringe and stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (5 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×5 mL). Combined organic layers were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to get the allyl isomerized compound (isomerization confirmed by ¹H NMR). The vinyl substrate was then taken up in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran:water (2:1, 2.5 mL) and iodine (49 mg, 0.193 mmol) was added at room temperature. The brown colored solution was stirred for 2 h before quenching with 10% solution of Na₂S₂O₃ solution (5 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×5 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent evaporated. Purification by flash column chromatography (ethyl acetate in cyclohexane 30%) afforded the product as a yellow solid (270 mg, 57%). Maldi Calcd for C₂₂₇H₂₁₀O₅₃Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3809.1, found 3809.0.

Compound 114* (0.210 g, 0.055 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (0.7 mL) Cs₂CO₃ (36 mg, 0.111 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-phenylacetimidoyl chloride (26 μL, 0.166 mmol) were added to the solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. TLC analysis showed a complete conversion of the starting material and new spots. The reaction mixture was filtrated through a celite pad (1 cm). The pad was washed with DCM (20 mL), the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure and dried under high vacuum to give a pale yellowish solid. Purification was done by flash silica gel column chromatography (Cyclohexane/Ethyl acetate +0.1% Et₃N) and afforded a yellow foam (180 mg, 82%). Maldi Calcd for C₂₃₅H₂₁₄O₅₃Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3980.2, found 3981.3.

Compound 110* (0.013 mg, 0.103 mmol) and 5-azidopentanol (0.110 g, 0.05 mmol) were taken in 10 mL RBF added anhydrous Toluene (20 mL) and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process two times more. The material was dried under high vacuum for 12 h. Then anhyd. Dichloromethane (1 mL) was added to it under Nitrogen atmosphere equipped with a stir bar and stirring of 300 rpm. 100 mg dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added and stirred at room temperature for 45 min and then cooled to 0° C. TMS-OTf (1.9 μL, 10.26 μmol) were added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min. Then it was slowly warmed to 10° C. for 0.5 h and then stirred at RT for 1 h. TLC analysis showed the disappearance of the donor spot and the presence of a new spot. The reaction was quenched at 5° C. by the addition of triethylamine. The crude organic product was purified by a flash chromatography system using Cyclohexane/Ethyl acetate gradient system. The collected fraction were concentrated in vacuo and then was dried under high vacuum for 16 h to afford the product as a white fluffy solid (0.091 g, 85%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₂₄H₁₁₉N₃O₂₇Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 2104.7929, found 2104.7905.

Compound 116* (0.091 g, 0.044 mmol) was transferred to a stirring solution of DCM (0.8 mL) and Phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (0.8 mL) in a 10 mL RBF under nitrogen atmosphere equipped with a stir bar and stirring of 400 rpm. DDQ (0.02 g, 0.087 mmol) was added, TLC analysis (40% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) showed the presence of a new spot slightly polar to the major amount of starting material even after 2 h, so stirred the reaction mixture for additional 4 h at RT. TLC showed the absence of the starting material, but presence of product as well as a faint polar spot. The reaction was quenched by the addition of sat. aq. NaHCOs and extracted into DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with sat. NaHCOs solution (50 mL), brine (100 mL), dried over anhyd. sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum at 30-35° C. bath temperature of rotary evaporator in a 50 mL RBF for 1 h to obtain the crude as a pale yellow oil. The crude organic product was purified by a flash chromatography system using Cyclohexane/Ethyl acetate gradient system. The collected fraction were concentrated in vacuo and then was dried under high vacuum for 16 h to afford the product as a white fluffy solid (0.041 g, 47%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₁₃H₁₁₁N₃O₂₇Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1964.7303, found 1964.7309.

Compound 103* (33 mg, 0.027 mmol) and compound 117* (40 mg, 0.021 mmol) were taken in 10 mL RBF added anhydrous toluene (3 mL) and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process two times more. The starting material was dried under high vacuum for 12 h. Then anhyd. dichloromethane (0.4 mL) and dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added to it under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 45 min and then cooled to 0° C. TMS-OTf (0.7 μL, 4.12 μmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min. Then it was slowly warmed to 10° C. for 0.5 h and then stirred at RT for 1 h. TLC analysis showed the disappearance of the donor spot and the presence of a new spot. The reaction was quenched at 5° C. by the addition of triethylamine. The crude organic product was purified by a flash chromatography system using cyclohexane/ethyl acetate gradient system. The collected fraction were concentrated in vacuo and then was dried under high vacuum for 16 h to afford the product as a white solid (37 mg, 60%). Maldi Calcd for C₁₇₈H₁₆₉N₃O₄₀Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3013.3, found 3014.2.

Compound 118* (27 mg, 0.009 mmol) was taken in THF (0.6 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere equipped with a stir bar. 0.5 M methanolic solution of sodium methoxide (18 μL, 9.03 μmol) was added. The resulting solution was stirred at 50° C. for 25 h. Reaction was monitored by HRMS and the TLC [(50% Ethyl acetate in Cyclohexane). The reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuum for 15 min to minimum volume and then diluted with ethyl acetate and water. The reaction mixture was acidified using 50% aq. AcOH solution (5 mL) and separated the layers. The aqueous layer was then extracted with ethyl acetate (5 mL×3). Combined organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuum at 30-35° C. bath temperature of rotary evaporator in a 10 mL RBF for 1 h under vacuum to get yellow solid. Then ˜2% Ethylacetate/hexanes (5 mL) was added to the solid in the RBF, warmed the RBF to 45° C. in the water bath and triturated, cooled to rt and filtered. The solid was washed with warm ˜2% Ethylacetate/hexanes two more times and dried in high vacuum to afford pale yellow solid as the desired product. All the filtrates were concentrated in vacuo and then was dried under high vacuum for 16 h to afford the product as a yellow solid (14 mg, 76%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₁₅H₁₁₃N₃O₃₁Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 2074.8821, found 2074.8574.

Compound 119* was taken in a solvent mixture of ^(i)PrOH, DCM, and H₂O, in a 20 mL Wheaton Vial (10 min oven dried) under nitrogen atmosphere equipped with a stir bar and stirring of 250 rpm (Heidolph stirrer) at RT. Added a suspension of 10% Pd/C to it. The reaction mixture was purged under hydrogen gas and subsequently stirred under a pressure of 10 bar for 24 h at RT using the in house Hydrogenator. The reaction mixture was then filtered through a PTFE hydrophobic filter (0.45 μm) and the filter was washed thoroughly with methanol (3 mL×5), water-methanol (6:4, 3 mL×5). The filtrate was evaporated to dryness under vacuum at 30-35° C. bath temperature of rotary evaporator for 1 h to obtain the off-white solid as crude product. 1H NMR of the crude product showed the completion of the reaction but a presence of intermediates. The crude product was then purified using C18 Sepak column using Water and Acetonitril as eluents to get desired pure product in water fraction (fr1). The side products eluted in 50% Water-Acetonitril fraction (fr2) and impurity eluted in Acetonitrile washes (fr3). The impure water fraction (fr1) was additional purified through a SEC column with water as eluent. Lyophilization of the water fraction yielded the desired pure product as the white foamy solid (2 mg, 28%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₁₅H₁₁₃N₃O₃₁H⁺ [M+H]⁺ 1076.4245, found 1076.4256.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.20-5.11 (m, 3H), 4.70-4.66 (m, 2H), 4.45 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.30-4.11 (m, 9H), 4.07-3.91 (m, 6H), 3.87-3.62 (m, 23H), 2.91 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.81-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.50-1.41 (m, 2H).

Compounds 120-1* are prepared similarly to compound 120*from compound 110* and the corresponding alcohol as shown in FIG. 12.

A-6-2 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae Galactan-II Octasaccharide

Compound 110* (0.172 mg, 0.080 mmol) and compound 117* (120 mg, 0.062 mmol) were taken in 10 mL RBF added anhydrous toluene (3 mL) and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process two times more. The starting material was dried under high vacuum for 12 h. Then anhyd. dichloromethane (1.2 mL) and dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added to it under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 45 min and then cooled to 0° C. TMS-OTf (2.2 μL, 12 μmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min. Then it was slowly warmed to 10° C. for 0.5 h and then stirred at RT for 1 h. TLC analysis showed the disappearance of the donor spot and the presence of a new spot. The reaction was quenched at 5° C. by the addition of triethylamine. The crude organic product was purified by a flash chromatography system using cyclohexane/ethyl acetate gradient system. The collected fraction were concentrated in vacuo and then was dried under high vacuum for 16 h to afford the product as a white fluffy solid (125 mg, 52%). Maldi Calcd for C₂₃₀H₂₁₄O₅₃Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3920.3, found 3921.1.

Compound 121* (24 mg, 6.2 μmol) was taken in THF (0.6 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere equipped with a stir bar. 0.5 M methanolic solution of sodium methoxide (12 μL, 6.2 μmol) was added. The resulting solution was stirred at 50° C. for 25 h. Reaction was monitored by HRMS and the TLC (50% Ethyl acetate in Cyclohexane). The reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuum for 15 min to minimum volume and then diluted with ethyl acetate and water. The reaction mixture was acidified using 50% aq. AcOH solution (10 mL) and separated the layers. The aqueous layer was then extracted with ethyl acetate (5 mL×3). Combined organic layer was washed with water, brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuum at 30-35° C. bath temperature of rotary evaporator in a 50 mL RBF for 1 h under vacuum to get yellow solid. Then ˜2% Ethylacetate/hexanes (˜5 mL) was added to the solid in the RBF, warmed the RBF to 45° C. in the water bath and triturated, cooled to rt and filtered. The solid was washed with warm ˜2% Ethylacetate/hexanes two more times and dried in high vacuum to afford pale yellow solid as the desired product. All the filtrates were concentrated in vacuo and then was dried under high vacuum for 16 h to afford the product as a yellow solid (11 mg, 66%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd C₁₄₈H₁₇₁N₃O₄₁Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 2669.1286, found 2669.1233.

Compound 122* (11 mg, 4.2 μmol) was taken in a solvent mixture of ^(i)PrOH, DCM, and H₂O, in a 20 mL Wheaton Vial (10 min oven dried) under nitrogen atmosphere equipped with a stir bar and stirring of 250 rpm (Heidolph stirrer) at r.t. Hydrogenation reaction was carried out according to general protocol C. ¹H NMR of the crude product showed the completion of the reaction but a presence of intermediates. The crude product was then purified using C18 Sepak column using Water and Acetonitrile as eluents to get desired pure product in water fraction (fr1). The side products eluted in 50% Water-Acetonitrile fraction (fr2) and impurity eluted in Acetonitrile washes (fr3). The impure water fraction (fr1) was additional purified through a SEC column with water as eluent. Lyophilization of the water fraction yielded the desired pure product as the white foamy solid (2 mg, 34%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₁₅H₁₁₃N₃O₃₁H⁺ [M+H]⁺ 1400.5301, found 1400.5376. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.20-5.16 (m, 3H), 5.15 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 1H), 4.70-4.66 (m, 3H), 4.46 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.33-4.09 (m, 12H), 4.07-3.88 (m, 5H), 3.88-3.58 (m, 33H), 3.00 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.50-1.40 (m, 4H), 1.42-1.29 (m, 2H).

Compounds 123-1* are prepared similarly to compound 123*from compound 110* and the corresponding alcohol as shown in FIG. 12.

A-6-3 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae Galactan-II Dodecasaccharide

Compound 121* (0.105 g, 0.027 mmol) was transferred to a stirring solution of DCM (0.5 mL) and phosphate buffer ph 7.4 (0.5 mL) in a 10 mL RBF under nitrogen atmosphere equipped with a stir bar and stirring of 400 rpm. DDQ (0.028 g, 0.121 mmol) was added, TLC analysis (40% Ethyl acetate/Cyclohexane) showed the presence of a new spot slightly polar to the major amount of starting material even after 2 h, so stirred the reaction mixture for additional 4 h at RT. TLC showed the absence of the starting material, but presence of product as well as a faint polar spot. The reaction was quenched by the addition of sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and extracted into DCM. The combined organic layer was washed with sat. NaHCOs solution (10 mL), brine (20 mL), dried over anhyd. Sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum at 30-35° C. bath temperature of rotary evaporator in a 50 mL RBF for 1 h to obtain the crude as a pale yellow oil. The crude organic product was purified by a flash chromatography system using Cyclohexane/Ethyl acetate gradient system. The collected fraction were concentrated in vacuo and then was dried under high vacuum for 16 h to afford the product as a white fluffy solid (0.044 g, 44%). MALDI Calcd for C₂₂₁H₂₁₁O₅₃H⁺ [M+H]⁺ 3758.1, found 3758.4.

Compound 110* (26 mg, 0.012 mmol) and compound 124* (45 mg, 0.012 mmol) were taken in 10 mL RBF added anhydrous toluene (3 mL) and evaporated under vacuum for 30 min to dryness and repeated this azeotropic drying process two times more. The starting material was dried under high vacuum for 12 h. Then anhyd. dichloromethane (0.2 mL) and dried 4 A molecular sieves (MS) were added to it under nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 45 min and then cooled to 0° C. TMS-OTf (0.2 μL, 2.4 μmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min. Then it was slowly warmed to 10° C. for 0.5 h and then stirred at RT for 1 h. TLC analysis showed the disappearance of the donor spot and the presence of a new spot. The reaction was quenched at 5° C. by the addition of triethylamine. The crude organic product was purified by a flash chromatography system using cyclohexane/ethyl acetate gradient system. The collected fraction were concentrated in vacuo and then was dried under high vacuum for 16 h to afford the product as a white fluffy solid (22 mg, 32%). Maldi Calcd for C₃₄₀H₃₁₉N₃O₅₃H⁺ [M+H]⁺ 5711.2, found 5715.6.

Compound 126* is prepared from compound 125* according to the procedure described for the synthesis of compound 119*.

Compound 127* is prepared from compound 126* according to the procedure described for the synthesis of compound 120*.

A-7 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae Galactan-III Saccharide A-7-1 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae Galactan-III Trisaccharide

To a solution of compound 4* (420 mg, 0.653 mmol) in DCM (13 mL) were added 4 A MS, Ph₂SO (172 mg, 0.849 mmol) and 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylpyrimidine (404 mg, 1.633 mmol) and mixture stirred for 20 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to −78° C. Tf₂O (240 mg, 0.849 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for 20 min at the same temperature. Then, 5-azidopentanol (169 mg, 1.307 mmol) was added dropwise dissolved in 2 mL DCM. The reaction mixture was warmed to −40° C. over 3 h and was then quenched with triethylamine (3 mL). The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (20 mL), washed with brine (30 mL) and the organic layer dried over Na₂SO₄. The crude mixture was purified using automated purification using silica gel (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). Concentration of solvent from test tubes containing the products (based on TLC) in vacuum gave the product as a colorless oil (350 mg, 81%). Calcd for C₃₇H₅₁N₃O₆Na [M+Na]⁺ 684.3445, found 684.3371.

To a solution of compound 128* (350 mg, 0.529 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added HF.py (0.11 mL, 4.23 mmol) and the reaction let stir at room temperature for 2 h. After complete consumption of the starting material (TLC), the reaction was quenched with triethylamine (0.5 mL) and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent removed under vacuum. The crude reaction mixture was purified by automated purification system using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) to give the product as a colorless oil (199 mg, 72%).

Benzoic anhydride (99 mg, 0.437 mmol) and triethylamine (295 mg, 2.91 mmol) were added to a solution of diol 129* (190 mg, 0.364 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) and the reaction let stir overnight at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with DCM (10 mL) and washed with sat. NaHCOs (5 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent concentrated in rotavapor. The residue was purified using automated purification system (combiflash) using silica gel (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). The tubes containing the product were combined and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a colorless oil (225 mg, 99%). Calcd for C₃₆H₃₉N₃O₇Na [M+Na]⁺ 648.2686, found 648.2625.

To a solution of compound 9* (65 mg, 0.100 mmol) and compound 130* (55 mg, 0.088 mmol) in toluene:dioxane (3:1, 1.2 mL) was added 4 Å MS and the mixture let stir at room temperature for 1 h. Then, NIS (28 mg, 0.123 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture cooled to 0° C. TMSOTf (1.6 μL, 8.8 μmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for 1.5 h at 0° C. The reaction was quenched with triethylamine (0.1 mL), diluted with DCM (10 mL) and extracted with 10% Na₂SO₃ and sat. NaHCOs. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent concentrated in rotavapor. Purification by automated purification system using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) afforded the product after evaporation of the solvent as a colorless oil (60 mg, 59%). Calcd for C₇₀H₇₁N₃O₁₃Na [M+Na]⁺ 1184.4885, found 1184.4783.

To a solution of compound 131* (60 mg, 0.052 mmol) in DCM:MeOH (4:1.2 mL) in a 10 mL RBF under argon atmosphere was added 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h 40 min at room temperature. Reaction was monitored by TLC (EtOAc in Cyclohexane, 2:1). Reaction was diluted with DCM (10 mL) and quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ (5 mL). The organic layer was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (5 mL) and brine (5 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ (0.2 g), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum for 15 min to obtain the crude product. The crude product was purified by automated flash chromatography using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). Concentration of solvent from test tubes containing the product (based on TLC) in vacuum resulted in a colorless oil (35 mg, 66%). Calcd for C₅₉H₆₃N₃O₁₃Na [M+Na]⁺ 1044.4259, found 1044.4156.

Compound 10* (33 mg, 0.032 mmol) and compound 132* (30 mg, 0.044 mmol) were coevaporated with toluene and dried in high vacuum for 20 min. To a solution of the donor and acceptor in DCM (6 mL) was added 4 A MS and the mixture let stir at room temperature for 30 min. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to −40° C. NIS (11 mg, 0.048 mmol) and AgOTf (2 mg, 8.07 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture warmed to −20° C. over 1 h. The reaction was stirred at the same temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with triethylamine (0.2 mL), diluted with DCM (10 mL) and extracted with Na₂SO₃ and sat. NaHCO₃. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent concentrated in rotavapor. Purification by automated purification system (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) afforded the product after evaporation of the solvent as a colorless oil (34 mg, 66%). Calcd for C9₃H₈₉N₃O₂₂Na [M+Na]⁺ 1623.5869, found 1623.5714.

Sodium methoxide solution in MeOH 25% w/w (0.029 mL, 0.127 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 133* (17 mg, 0.010 mmol) in a mixture of MeOH:THF (2:1, 1.5 mL). The reaction was stirred at the same temperature for 20 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of AcOH (0.2 mL) and the solvent evaporated. Purification by silica gel chromatography using 5% MeOH in DCM as the eluent afforded the product after evaporation of the solvent as a white oil (9 mg, 87%).

Compound 134* (9 mg, 0.009 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of MeOH:DCM:EtOAc (2:0.5:0.5, 3 mL). Pd/C (10 mg, 0.009 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was purged with hydrogen (5 times) and the reaction let stir under hydrogen pressure (10 bar) for 60 h. Then, the reaction mixture was filtered through PTFE filter using H₂O:MeOH (1:1), the organic solvents evaporated in rotavapor and the crude material was lyophilized. The crude was purified by SepPack using miliQ H₂O to give the product as a white solid (1 mg, 18%). Calcd for C₂₃H₄₄NO₁₆Na [M+H]⁺ 590.2660, found 590.2593. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.26 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.31-4.21 (m, 3H), 4.17-4.04 (m, 5H), 4.03-3.94 (m, 2H), 3.94-3.67 (m, 9H), 3.66-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.07 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.82-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.59-1.45 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, D₂O) δ 109.0, 100.1, 98.3, 82.2, 80.9, 78.3, 76.8, 76.1, 71.6, 70.8, 70.5, 69.1, 68.9, 68.0, 67.9, 62.7, 60.7, 60.4, 39.4, 28.1, 26.5, 22.4.

A-7-2 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae Galactan-III Hexasaccharide

To a solution of imidate donor 76* (2.6 g, 3.41 mmol) and 4-methoxyphenol (1.06, 8.53 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) was added 4 Å MS and the mixture let stir at room temperature for 30 min. TMSOTf (0.076 g, 0.341 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with triethylamine (0.2 mL), filtered and the solvent evaporated in rotavapor. Purification by automated purification system using silica gel (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) afforded the product after evaporation of the solvent as a foam (2.14 g, 90%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₃₉H₃₆O₁₂Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 719.2104, found 719.2036.

To a solution of compound 137* (2.14 g, 3.07 mmol) in DCM (30 mL), a solution of hydrazine hydrate (0.394 g, 12.29 mmol) dissolved in acetic acid (2.4 mL, 41.9 mmol) and pyridine (3.6 mL, 44.5 mmol) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of acetone (3 mL) and the solvent removed under vacuum to obtain the crude product (some pyridine remained). The crude product was purified by automated flash chromatography using silica gel (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). Concentration of solvent from test tubes containing the products (based on TLC) in vacuum gave the product as a white foam (1.79 g, 97%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₃₄H₃₀O₁₀Na⁺[M+Na]⁺ 621.1737, found 621.1672.

To a solution of compound 4* (2.5 g, 3.89 mmol) in DCM (60 mL) were added 4 A MS, Ph₂SO (1.15 g, 5.68 mmol) and 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylpyrimidine (2.6 g, 10.47 mmol) and mixture stirred for 20 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to −78° C. Tf₂O (1.8 g, 6.37 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for 20 min at the same temperature. Then, compound 138* was added dropwise dissolved in 10 mL DCM. The reaction mixture was warmed to −50° C. over 3 h and was then quenched with triethylamine (3 mL). The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (50 mL), washed with brine (30 mL) and the organic layer dried over Na₂SO₄. The crude mixture was purified using automated purification using silica gel (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). Concentration of solvent from test tubes containing the products (based on TLC) in vacuum gave the product as a colorless oil (3.05 g, 90%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₆₆H₇₀O₁₅Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1153.4392, found 1153.4268.

To a solution of compound 139* (3 g, 2.65 mmol) in THF (40 mL) in 2×50 mL falcon tubes (solution divided in 2 tubes due to the large volume) was added HF.py (21 mL, 21 mmol) and the reaction let stir at room temperature for 2 h. After complete consumption of the starting material (TLC), the reaction was quenched with triethylamine (5 mL), diluted with DCM (30 mL) and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and brine (20 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent removed under vacuum. The oil residue was purified using automated purification system (Combiflash) using silica gel (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). Concentration of solvent from test tubes containing the product (based on TLC) in vacuum gave the product as a colorless oil (2.4 g, 91%).

Benzoic anhydride (0.66 g, 2.91 mmol) and triethylamine (1.96 g, 19.37 mmol) were added to a solution of diol 140* (2.4 g, 2.42 mmol) in DCM (48 mL) and the reaction let stir overnight at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with DCM (30 mL) and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (20 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with DCM (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent concentrated in rotavapor. The residue was purified using automated purification system (combiflash) using silica gel (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). The tubes containing the product were combined and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a colorless oil (2.4 g, 90%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₆₅H₅₈O₁₆Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1117.3623, found 1117.3515.

To a solution of compound 9* (2.216 g, 3.29 mmol) and compound 141* (2.4 g, 2.191 mmol) in toluene:dioxane (3:1, 40 mL) was added 4 Å MS and the mixture let stir at room temperature for 1 h. Then, NIS (0.986 g, 4.38 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture cooled to 0° C. TMSOTf (0.049 g, 0.219 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for 1.5 h at 0° C. The reaction was quenched with triethylamine (3 mL), diluted with DCM (70 mL) and extracted with Na₂SO₃ and sat. NaHCOs. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent concentrated in rotavapor. Purification by automated purification system using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) afforded the product after evaporation of the solvent as a yellowish solid (3.27 g, 91%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₉₉H₉₀O₂₂Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1654.5855, found 1654.5658.

Ceric ammonium nitrate (249 mg, 0.453 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 142* (370 mg, 0.227 mmol) in ACN/H₂O (8:1, 4.5 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min at the same temperature and warmed to room temperature. After 4 h, another aliquote of CAN (100 mg, 0.182 mmol) were added at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at the same temperature. After 30 min, the reaction was diluted with DCM (20 mL) and washed with brine (10 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent concentrated in rotavapor (water bath ˜35° C.). The residue was purified using automated purification system using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). The tubes containing the product were combined and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a yellow oil (275 mg, 79%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₉₂H₈₄O₂₁Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1548.5436, found 1548.5278.

Cs₂CO₃ (141 mg, 0.433 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluro-N-phenyl-acetimidoyl chloride (135 mg, 0.649 mmol) were added to a solution of lactol 143* (330 mg, mmol) in DCM (10 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature and monitored by TLC. After 2 hours all the starting material was consumed and the reaction was filtered through celite and washed with DCM (20 mL). The solvent was evaporated and the product purified by column chromatography using silica-gel (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane+1% Et₃N). The tubes containing the product by TLC were combined and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a colorless oil (310 mg, 84%).

Compound 144* (250 mg, 0.147 mmol) and compound 132* (137 mg, 0.134 mmol) were dissolved in DCM (5 mL), 4 Å MS was added and stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to −30° C., TMSOTf (6 mg, 0.028 mmol) added and the reaction warmed to −5° C. over 3 h. Reaction was quenched by addition of triethylamine (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was filtered, diluted with DCM (20 mL) and washed with sat. NaHCO₃. The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent evaporated to give an oil residue. The crude reaction mixture was purified by automated purification system using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). The tubes containing the product by TLC were combined and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a colorless oil (259 mg, 76%).

To a solution of compound 145* (255 mg, 0.101 mmol) in DCM:MeOH (4:1.2 mL) in a 10 mL RBF under argon atmosphere was added 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h 40 min at room temperature. Reaction was monitored by TLC (EtOAc in Cyclohexane, 2:1). Reaction was diluted with DCM (10 mL) and quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ (5 mL). The organic layer was washed with sat. NaHCOs (5 mL) and brine (5 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ (0.2 g), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum for 15 min to obtain the crude product. The crude product was purified by automated flash chromatography using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). Concentration of solvent from test tubes containing the product (based on TLC) in vacuum resulted in a colorless oil (120 mg, 50%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₄₀H₁₃₇N₃O33Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 2411.9066, found 2411.8844.

Compound 95* (54 mg, 0.070 mmol) and compound 146* (84 mg, 0.035 mmol) were coevaporated with toluene and left under vacuum overnight. Then, the mixture was dissolved in DCM (5 mL), 4 Å MS was added and stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to −50° C., TMSOTf (6 mg, 0.028 mmol) added and the reaction warmed to −5° C. over 4 h. Reaction was quenched by addition of triethylamine (0.03 mL). The reaction mixture was filtered and the solvent evaporated to give an oil residue. The crude reaction mixture was purified by automated purification system using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) to give the product as a colorless oil (80 mg, 77%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₇₄H₁₆₃N₃O₄₂Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 2411.9066, found 2411.8844.

Sodium methoxide solution in MeOH 25% w/w (0.12 mL, 0.539 mmol) was added to a solution of hexasaccharide 147* (80 mg, 0.027 mmol) in a mixture of MeOH:THF (2:1, 3 mL). The reaction was stirred at the same temperature for 20 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of AcOH (0.2 mL) and the solvent evaporated. The crude material was loaded in isolute. Purification by silica gel chromatography using the eluent sequence: 1) cyclohexane, 2) Ethyl acetate and 3) MeOH in DCM 5%, afforded the product after evaporation of the solvent as a white oil (44 mg, 90%). Calcd for C9₇H₁₁₉N₃O₃₁Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1845.7759, found 1845.7556.

The hexasaccharide 148* (40 mg, 0.022 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of DCM:tBuOH:H₂O (1:0.8:0.2, 2 mL). PdC (40 mg, 0.038 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was purged with hydrogen (5 times) and the reaction let stir under hydrogen pressure (5 bar) for 22 h. Then, the reaction mixture was filtered through PTFE filter using H₂O:ACN (1:1), the organic solvents evaporated in rotavapor and the crude material was lyophilized. The crude was purified by SepPack using miliQ H₂O to give the product as a white solid (17 mg, 72%). Calcd for C₄₁H₇₄NO₈₁ [M+H]⁺ 1076.4245, found 1076.4123. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.08-5.04 (m, 2H), 4.94 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H), 4.88-4.81 (m, 2H), 4.18 (dd, J=5.4, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (dd, J=8.5, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.11-3.84 (m, 13H), 3.83-3.37 (m, 22H), 2.85 (t, J=7.54 Hz 1H), 1.62-1.43 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.23 (m, 1H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, D₂O) δ 109.5, 109.1, 100.3, 100.2, 98.4, 84.7, 82.3, 81.0, 80.5, 79.8, 78.3, 78.2, 76.9, 76.6, 76.1, 72.1, 71.9, 70.9, 70.7, 70.6, 70.1, 69.2, 69.2, 69.0, 68.7, 68.1, 67.9, 67.9, 62.9, 62.8, 60.6, 60.4, 60.0, 39.5, 28.2, 26.6, 22.5.

Compounds 149a-l* are prepared similarly to compound 149* from compound 4* and the corresponding alcohol as shown in FIG. 12.

A-7-3 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae Galactan-III Nonasaccharide

To a solution of compound 142* (500 mg, 0.306 mmol) in DCM:MeOH (4:1, 3.75 mL) in a 25 mL RBF under argon atmosphere was added 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (348 mg, 1.532 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. Reaction was monitored by TLC (EtOAc in Cyclohexane, 2:1). Reaction was diluted with DCM (10 mL) and quenched with sat. NaHCOs (5 mL). The organic layer was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (5 mL) and brine (5 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ (0.2 g), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to obtain the crude product. The crude product was purified by automated flash chromatography using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). Concentration of solvent from test tubes containing the product (based on TLC) in vacuum resulted in a colorless oil (350 mg, 77%). Calcd for C₈₈H₈₂O₂₂Na [M+Na]⁺ 1514.5229, found 1514.5256.

To a solution of trisaccharide 150* (340 mg, 0.228 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) in a 25 mL RBF under argon atmosphere was added levulinic acid (119 mg, 1.026 mmol), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (197 mg, 1.026 mmol) and DMAP (84 mg, 0.684 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. The reaction was monitored by TLC. After 5 h, the reaction did not go to completion. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (10 mL) and washed with brine (5 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (1×5 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ (0.2 g), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to obtain the crude product. The crude product was purified by automated flash chromatography using EtOAc in cyclohexane as the eluent. Concentration of solvent from test tubes containing the products (based on TLC) in vacuum resulted in a white oil (260 mg, 72%).

Ceric ammonium nitrate (179 mg, 0.327 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 151* (260 mg, 0.164 mmol) in ACN/H₂O (8:1, 3.3 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min at the same temperature and warmed to room temperature. After 4 h, another aliquot of CAN (100 mg, 0.182 mmol) were added at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at the same temperature. After 30 min, the reaction was diluted with DCM (20 mL) and washed with brine (10 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent concentrated in rotavapor (water bath 35° C.). The residue was purified using automated purification system using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). The tubes containing the product were combined and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a yellow oil (209 mg, 86%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₈₆H₈₂O₂₃Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 1505.5145, found 1505.5186.

Cs₂CO₃ (115 mg, 0.354 mmol) and 2,2,2-trifluro-N-phenyl-acetimidoyl chloride (49 mg, 0.236 mmol) were added to a solution of lactol 152* (175 mg, 0.118 mmol) in DCM (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature and monitored by TLC. After 2 hours all the starting material was consumed and the reaction was filtered through celite and washed with DCM (2 mL). The solvent was evaporated and the product purified by column chromatography using silica-gel and ethyl acetate/cyclohexane+1% Et₃N as the eluent. The tubes containing the product by TLC were combined and the solvent evaporated to give the product as a colorless oil (188 mg, 96%).

Trisaccharide 153* (69 mg, 0.042 mmol) and compound 146* (50 mg, 0.021 mmol) were coevaporated with toluene and left under vacuum for 1 h. Then, the mixture was dissolved in DCM (1.5 mL), 4 Å MS was added and stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to −50° C., TMSOTf (5 μL, 0.028 mmol) added and the reaction warmed to −10° C. over 4 h. Reaction was quenched by addition of triethylamine (0.03 mL). The reaction mixture was filtered and the solvent evaporated to give an oil residue. The crude reaction mixture was purified by automated purification system using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) to give the product as a colorless oil (50 mg, 62%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₂₂₆H₂₁₇N₃O₅₅Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3877.4240, found 3877.3947.

To a solution of compound 154* (100 mg, 0.026 mmol) in DCM (3 mL), a solution of hydrazine hydrate (8.14 μL) dissolved in acetic acid (0.04 mL) and pyridine (0.06 mL) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of acetone (0.3 mL) and the solvent removed under vacuum to obtain the crude product. The crude product was purified by automated flash chromatography using EtOAc in n-hexane (O-80%) as the eluent. Concentration of solvent from test tubes containing the product (based on TLC) in vacuum resulted in a white oil (97 mg, 100%). HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₂₂₁H₂₁₁N₃O₅₃Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3779.3873, found 3779.3708.

Compound 95* (25 mg, 0.033 mmol) and compound 155* (50 mg, 0.013 mmol) were coevaporated with toluene and left under vacuum for 30 min. Then, the mixture was dissolved in DCM (2 mL), 4 Å MS was added and stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to −50° C., TMSOTf (5 μL, 0.028 mmol) added and the reaction warmed to −5° C. over 2 h. Reaction was quenched by addition of triethylamine (0.03 mL). The reaction mixture was filtered and the solvent evaporated to give an oil residue. The crude reaction mixture was purified by automated purification system using silica (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) to give the product as a colorless oil (27 mg, 47%). LRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₂₅₅H₂₃₇N₃O₆₂Na⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 4358.5483, found 4358.5.

Sodium methoxide solution in MeOH 25% w/w (0.025 mL, 0.115 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 156* (25 mg, 5.77 μmol) in a mixture of MeOH:THF (2:1, 1.5 mL). The reaction was stirred at the same temperature for 60 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of AcOH (0.1 mL) and the solvent evaporated. The crude material was loaded in isolute. Purification by silica gel chromatography using the eluent sequence: 1) cyclohexane, 2) Ethyl acetate and 3) MeOH in DCM 5%, afforded the product after evaporation of the solvent as a white oil (13 mg, 84%).

The nonasaccharide 157* (13 mg, 4.87 μmol) was dissolved in a mixture of DCM:tBuOH:H2O (1:0.8:0.2, 1.4 mL). PdC (12 mg, 0.011 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was purged with hydrogen (5 times) and the reaction let stir under hydrogen pressure (5 bar) for 22 h. Then, the reaction mixture was filtered through PTFE filter using H₂O:ACN (1:1), the organic solvents evaporated in rotavapor and the crude material was lyophilized. The crude was purified by SepPack using miliQ H₂O to give the product as a white solid (5.6 mg, 74%). Calcd for C₅₉H₁₀₃NO₄₆ [M+H]⁺ 1561.5751, found 1562.5728. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 5.23-5.17 (m, 3H), 5.10-5.06 (m, 2H), 5.04 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H), 5.02-4.94 (m, 3H), 4.37-4.27 (m, 4H), 4.26-4.13 (m, 8H), 4.12-3.98 (m, 11H), 3.98-3.62 (m, 32H), 3.59-3.52 (d, J=9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.75-1.61 (m, 4H), 1.53-1.38 (m, 2H).

Compounds 158a-l* are prepared similarly to compound 158* from compound 4* and the corresponding alcohol as shown in FIG. 12.

A-8 Preparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O2a (Galactan-I) Saccharide

Compound 44* (35 mg, 0.028 mmol) was dried azeotropically using dry toluene in the vacuum separately. It was taken in DCM (2 mL) at rt, added 4 A molecular sieves to it and stirred for 10 min. To this 5-N-Carboxybenzyl-N-benzylaminopentanol (18.33 mg, 0.056 mmol) was added (neat) and stirred at for 10 min under N2 atmosphere at rt. Cooled the RM to −20 deg using dry Ice-ACN bath and added TMSOTf (1.2 mg, 5.60 μmol) to the RM and stirred the RM at −20 deg for 5 mins slowly warmed to 2 deg over one h. TLC analysis showed the presence of new intense spot and absence of the donor material. So RM was quenched with NaHCO₃ solution (5 mL) and separated the layers. Aqueous layer was Organic layer was washed with brine solution (5 mL) and dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, evaporated in vacuum to get crude which was purified using Biotage on silica column with EtOAc and Cyclohexane as eluents to get product as colourless layer (21.4 mg, 55%).

Compound 159* (21 mg, 0.015 mmol) was taken in THF-MeOH (2 mL) at rt, added NaOMe solution in methanol (0.605 mL, 0.0302 mmol) to it and continued stirring for 18 h. TLC analysis (30% EA/CHx) showed the absence of the SM and presence of a polar spot. So, RM was evaporated in vacuum. Diluted with EA (5 mL) and water (5 mL). Acidified with AcOH till neutral pH (0.3 mL). Extracted with EA (5 mL×3). Combined organics were washed with brine solution (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum to get crude product as pale yellowish layer (11.7 mg, 80%).

Compound 160* (11 mg, 0.011 mmol) was taken in mixture of DCM:tBuOH:H₂O (1:1:0.2, 2.2 mL), added suspension of Pd/C (1 mg, 0.011 mmol) in butanol (0.2 mL) to it and hydrogenated under 10 bar H2 atmosphere for 23 h. RM was filtered through the PTFE filter, washed with methanol (2 mL×3), 50% Methanol in water (2 mL×3). The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to get colourless layer. 1H nmr looked like there was still one benzyl group left in the molecule, so resubjected the material to the hydrogenation using water and butanol as solvents and 10 mg of Pd/C for 14 h. RM was filtered through the PTFE filter, washed with methanol (2 mL×3), 50% Methanol in water (2 mL×3). The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to get colourless layer (2.7 mg, 56%). LRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₁₇F)₃₃NO₁₁H⁺[M+H]⁺ 428.2132, found 428.2037.

Both compound 54* (500 mg, 0.250 mmol) and compound 56* (651 mg, 0.30 mmol) were taken together in a RBF and dried azeotropically using dry toluene in the vacuum. The mixture was taken in DCM (20 mL) at rt, added 4 A molecular sieves to it and stirred for 30 min. Cooled the RM to −10 deg using Ice-acetone bath and added TMSOTf (9.20 μL, 0.05 μmol) to the RM and stirred the RM at −10 deg for 5 mins slowly warmed to 5 deg over one h. TLC analysis (30% EA/CHx) showed that the reaction was complete and absence of the acceptor SM and presence of a slightly polar spot. RM was quenched with NaHCO₃ solution (2 mL) at 10 deg, separated the layers, dried the organic layer (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuum. Purified by silica column chromatography using EA/CHx to get fractions containing product, on evaporation under vacuum yielded desired product (890 mg, 89%). MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₂₃₅H₂₂₀NaO₅₇Si [M+Na]⁺ 4004.3983, found 4007.795.

Compound 162* was subjected to TDS removal reaction according to general protocol B:

Product 163* as white fluffy solid obtained (617 mg, 97%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₂₂₇H₂₀₂NaO₅₇ ⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3862.2806, found 3864.889.

Compound 163* was converted to imidate 164* in the presence of 2,2,2-trifluro-N-phenyl-acetimidoyl according to general protocol B.

Product as white fluffy solid obtained (625 mg, quantitative).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₂₃₅H₂₀₆F₃NNaO₅₇ ⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 4033.3101, found 4037.043.

Compound 165* was obtained from 5-azidopentanol and compound 164* by glycosylation reaction according to general protocol B:

product as white gummy solid obtained (310 mg, 79%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₂₃₂H₂₁₂N₃O₅₇ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 3951.3783, found 3954.175.

Compounds 165L1-L10*

Compounds 165L1-L10* were prepared from compound 164* and the corresponding alcohol by glycosylation reaction according to general protocol B:

White solid layer, 16 mg, 64%

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C239H226NaO58⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 4046.4633, found 4046.458.

White solid layer, 23.4 mg, 95%

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C235H218N3O60⁺ [M+H]⁺ 4041.4100, found 4041.378.

White solid layer, 23.7 mg, 96%

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C234H214NaO59⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3990.3643, found 3990.379.

White solid layer, 23.9 mg, 98%

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C233H212NaO59⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3976.3486, found 3979.155.

White solid layer, 22 mg, 85%

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C241H229N3NaO63 [M+Na]⁺ 4195.4705, found 4195.435.

White solid layer, 24 mg, 99%.

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C232H212NaO58⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3948.3537, found 3950.639.

White solid layer, 16.5 mg, 67%

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C231H209N3NaO58⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3975.3395, found 3977.916.

White solid layer, 21.4 mg, 86%

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C237H221N3NaO57⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 4043.4385, found 4043.431.

White solid layer, 20.3 mg, 83%

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C232H210NaO57⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3930.3432, found 3933.349.

White solid layer, 24 mg, 98%

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C231H209ClNaO58⁺ [M+Na]⁺ 3968.2991, found 3969.032.

Compound 165* was subjected to methanolysis according to general protocol A:

Product as white gummy solid obtained (43 mg, 99%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C₁₂₀H₁₄₇KN₃O₄₁ ⁺ [M+K]⁺ 2324.9147, found 2327.888.

Compound 166* was subjected to hydrogenation reaction according to general protocol A:

Product as white fluffy solid obtained (8 mg, 64%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Deuterium Oxide) δ 5.06 (s, 3H), 4.93 (s, 3H), 4.90 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.88 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.32-4.22 (m, 3H), 4.15-4.06 (m, 4H), 4.04-3.42 (m, 43H), 2.91-2.78 (m, 2H), 1.52 (dp, J=13.9, 7.2, 6.6 Hz, 4H), 1.29 (p, J=7.7, 7.1 Hz, 2H).

HRMS (ESI+) Calcd for C₅₃H₉₄NO₄₁ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 1400.5301, found 1400.5381.

Compound 165* was subjected to Nap-deprotection reaction according to general protocol A:

Product as white fluffy solid obtained (153 mg, 88%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C221H204N3O57⁺ [M+H]⁺ 3811.3157, found 3812.015.

Compound 169* was obtained from compound 168* and compound 56* by glycosylation reaction according to general protocol B:

Product as white fluffy solid obtained (43 mg, 70%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C340H307KN3O85⁺ [M+K]⁺ 5829.9430, found 5834.474.

Compound 170* was obtained from compound 168* and compound 164* by glycosylation reaction according to general protocol B:

Product as white fluffy solid obtained (105 mg, 58%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd C448H403KN3O113⁺ [M+K]⁺ 7670.5518, found 7670.338.

Compound 170* was subjected to methanolysis according to general protocol B:

product as white gummy solid obtained (29 mg, 79%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C224H276N3O81⁺ [M+H]⁺ 4303.7570, found 4305.070.

Compound 171* was subjected to hydrogenation reaction according to general protocol A:

Product as white fluffy solid obtained (4.8 mg, 77%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Deuterium Oxide) δ 5.27-5.17 (m, 7H), 5.04 (d, J=19.4 Hz, 9H), 4.43-4.38 (m, 7H), 4.30-4.00 (m, 31H), 4.00-3.55 (m, 60H), 2.98 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.66 (dp, J=13.4, 7.3, 6.6 Hz, 4H), 1.50-1.36 (m, 2H).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C101H174NNaO81²⁺[M+Na+H]²⁺ 1359.4827, found 1359.4820.

Compound 170* was subjected to Nap-deprotection reaction according to general protocol A:

Product as white fluffy solid obtained (77 mg, 78%).

MALDI-TOF Calcd for C437H395N3O113⁺ [M+H]⁺ 7492.5333, found 7496.204.

Compound 174* was obtained from compound 173* and compound 164* by glycosylation reaction according to general protocol B:

Product as white fluffy solid obtained (39 mg, 57%). MALDI Calcd for C664H595KN3O169⁺ [M+K]⁺ 11351.7694, found 11355.171.

Compound 174* is subjected to methanolysis according to general protocol B.

Compound 175* is subjected to subjected to hydrogenation reaction according to general protocol A.

B Preparation and Characterization of Glycoconjugates

The KPC synthetic antigens 52*, 61*, 66*, 69*, 75*, 81*, 88*, 91*, 99*, 120*, 123*, 149* and 158* are conjugated to the carrier protein CRM₁₉₇ (XX-CRM₁₉₇) for immunization experiments and to Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA; (XX-BSA) as coating antigen for ELISA (see Example C) according to the procedure described below.

General Conjugation Protocol

Step 1: PNP-Ester Synthesis

Compound 52*, 61*, 120*, 123*, 149* or 158* (1 eq) was dissolved in DMSO or DMSO-pyridine or DMSO-H₂O at room temperature in a 8 mL vial. Activated bis-(4-nitrophenyl) adipate (20 eq) was added to it and stirred for 5 minutes. Triethylamine (50 eq) was added and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 3-5 h. The reaction mixture was frozen using liquid nitrogen and then lyophilized for 18 h to dryness to afford pale yellow colored crude product along with the excess of the reagent. The crude product was washed thoroughly with sufficient CHCl₃ followed by DCM to remove excess reagent. The solid para-nitrophenyl (PNP) ester was dried and taken for the next step.

Step 2: Conjugation to the Protein

Conjugation procedure: The PNP ester of 52*, 61*, 120*, 123*, 149* or 158* in 50 μL of 0.15 M NaCl in NaPi buffer was added dropwise to the reaction vial containing CRM₁₉₇ or BSA in buffer (˜150 μL) (PNP ester of 120* was conjugated only to CRM₁₉₇). The vial was finally rinsed with 50 μL of buffer solution and transferred to the reaction vial completely. Thus making the volume of the reaction in the vial ˜200 μL. The reaction mixture became yellow in colour and stirred the reaction mixture at r.t. for 24h. The conjugate solution was transferred to a Amicon® Ultra-0.5 mL centrifugal filter, centrifuged for 6 minutes at 2-8° C. 300 μL of buffer were added to the reaction vial, rinsed and transferred to the filter and centrifuged again. Additional washings were done using 1×PBS solution and centrifuging till the yellow colour was gone and the conjugate became clear solution. After the final wash the conjugate was stored in 1×PBS solution at 2-8° C.

The conjugates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, SEC chromatography, and MALDI analysis. It was found to be 1-15 for different antigens. The loading of the sugar on the carrier was specifically calculated by subtracting the mass between the conjugated and unconjugated protein using MALDI analysis. The protein content was estimated using the micro BCA method following manufacture protocol.

SDS-PAGE Analysis.

The samples were mixed in a microfuge tube and heated for 5 min at 95° C. on a thermocycler. After cooling to room temperature for 5 min, the samples at approximately 2.5 μg were loaded onto the respective wells of a 10% polyacrylamide gel along with 10 μL of the marker. The samples were run at a constant voltage of 120V for 1 h. Staining was done using the GelCode™ Blue Safe Protein Stain as per manufacture instructions. The gels were washed with deionized water overnight and scanned using the gel documentation system (see FIG. 5).

Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) of Glycoconjugates.

The glycoconjugates used for immunization studies were analyzed by SEC to observe a mass difference between the conjugated and unconjugated CRM protein. The samples were diluted in 50 mM Tris, 20 mM NaCl, pH 7.2 and run on a Agilent 1100 HPLC system fitted with Tosoh TSK G2000 column (SW×l, 7.8 mm×30 cm, μm) and a Tosoh TSKgel® Guard Column (SW×l 6.0 mm×4 cm, 7 μm). The flow rate was kept at 1 mL/min (see FIG. 6).

Characterization of Glycoconjugates 61*-CRM₁₉₇ and 158*-CRM₁₉₇.

The KPC antigen glycoconjugates 61*-CRM₁₉₇ and 158*-CRM₁₉₇ used for the immunization studies were analyzed for the conjugation efficiency and antigen content. MALDI analysis of the glycoconjugates revealed a very good conjugation efficiency. The mass differences between the conjugated and unconjugated CRM₁₉₇ protein yielded a loading from 3-10 antigens/CRM₁₉₇ molecule for the different glycoconjugates.

The glycoconjugates were also analyzed by a 10% SDS-PAGE and SEC that revealed a clear mass shift as compared to the unconjugated CRM₁₉₇ protein (FIG. 5 and FIG. 6).

C Immunization Studies

Materials:

-   -   ELISA plates (high-binding, EIA/RIA Plate, 96 well, flat bottom         with low evaporation lid, company: Costar® 3361)     -   Detection antibody: Goat anti rabbit IgG peroxidase conjugate         (Sigma, #A4914) and Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) peroxidase         conjugate (Dianova Code: 115-035-068).     -   Blocking solution: 1% FCS (v/v) in PBS.     -   Antibody diluent: PBS+1% BSA (w/v).     -   Wash Buffer: PBS+0.1% Tween 20 (PBS-T)     -   Developing solution: 1 Step™ Ultra TMB-ELISA developer.         (ThermoScientific, Cat #: 34028)     -   Stop solution-2M sulphuric acid (H₂SO4).     -   Plate reader: Anthos HT 2.     -   Software: WinRead 2.36 for absorbance measurements and GraphPad         Prism 7 for data plotting and analysis.     -   Alum: Aluminium Hydroxide Gel Adjuvant (Alhydrogel® 2%),         Brenntag, Batch #:5447 Exp Dt: February 2020.     -   Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA). InvivoGen; Cat: vac-ifa-10,         Batch #: IFA-39-03; Exp Dt: September 2019     -   QuantiPro™ BCA Assay Kit (SIGMA) Product: QPBCA-1KT; Lot #:         SLBR7451V; Pcode: 1002296464     -   Mini-PROTEAN® TGX™ Gels-10%, 10 well (30 μL/well) Control         Nr:64175708,     -   Precision Plus Dual Color, Cat: 1610374; Control Nr: 641798899     -   GelCode™ Blue Safe Protein Stain; ThermoScientific; Ref:         1860957; Lot #: TA260266     -   Klebsiella pneumoniae LPS. SIGMA-L4268; Lot #: 116 M 4057 V         Methods:         1. Bacterial Strains and LPS.

Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC) strains differing in their LPS (O-antigen) with/without the capsule were used to isolate and purify the corresponding LPS. The purified LPS were used as coating antigen in Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The O2a,c LPS was procured from Sigma-Aldrich.

TABLE 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains used for LPS isolation. # LPS/O-antigen 1 O1 2 O2a 3 O2a, c 4 Galactan-III 2. Formulation of Vaccines for Immunization.

The glycoconjugates were formulated in aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant for mice studies, and in Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) for immunization in rabbits.

2.1 Formulation in Alum.

All the formulations were prepared under sterile conditions. The glycoconjugates (DS) and PBS were mixed in the appropriate pre-calculated ratio in a 50 mL Falcon™ tube corresponding to the final formulation volume leaving out the volume of alum (0.25 mg/mL) required. This formed the DS-PBS mixture. The antigen/DS dose per animal was kept at 5 μg/100 μL/animal. The DS-PBS mixture was gently mixed (5X) using a serological pipette. To the DS-PBS mixture, the corresponding volume of stock alum (10 mg/mL) was added to give a final alum ratio of 1:40 or 0.250 mg/mL. The mixture was immediately mixed by gentle pipetting (20×) using a 5 mL serological pipette. The Falcon™ tube was capped, wrapped with Parafilm® and allowed to mix on a shaker at 250 rpm for 2 h at room temperature (RT). After the incubation time of 2 h, the formulations were brought under the clean bench, aliquoted, and further stored at 4° C. till further use.

2.2 Formulation in IFA.

Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) from InvivoGen was used for formulating the vaccines for rabbit immunization studies. Protocol was followed as per manufacture. Antigen: IFA concentration was kept at 1:1. The antigen dose per animal was kept at 5 μg/200 μL/animal (100 μL of antigen +100 μL IFA). IFA at the desired calculated volume (50% of the final immunization volume) was taken in a 15 mL sterile Falcon™ tube. The calculated amount of the diluted antigen solution (volume adjusted with PBS to 50% of the final immunization volume) was taken in a 3 mL sterile syringe, fitted with a 20 G needle. The DS solution was added into the Falcon™ tube containing the IFA and immediately vortexed for 15 sec (5×). The color of the formulation changes from pale-yellow to milky-white on vortexing which indicates the formation of stable emulsion. The resulting vaccine formulation was briefly vortexed and aliquoted into 2 mL sterile tubes with the desired dose volumes. Prior to immunizations, the tubes containing the vaccine formulations were vortexed and then injected into animals.

3.3 Characterization of Alum Formulations.

The glycoconjugates formulated in alum were characterized to determine the final alum concentration and the pH of the formulations.

3. Immunization Schedule:

Mice and rabbit immunizations were performed under specific pathogen-free conditions and were provided food and water ad libitum. Mice (n=6) and rabbits (n=4) were immunized sub cutaneous with the vaccine formulations (Table 2) at an injection volume of 100 μL/mice, and 200 μL/rabbit. The antigen dose for mice was kept at 5 μg/animal. The antigen dose for rabbit was kept at 5 μg/animal. Mice and rabbits were immunized on day 0, 14 and 28. Blood was drawn on day −1, 7, and 22 for mice and day 0, 7 and 21 for rabbits respectively, for the determination of antibody titers. On day 35, the animals were sacrificed, and blood collected.

TABLE 2 Immunization schedule and antigen dose information of mice (n = 6) and rabbits (n = 4). group glycoconjugate mice per group rabbits per group 1 61*-CRM₁₉₇ (O1) 6 0 2 158*-CRM₁₉₇ (Gal-III) 6 4 *All values for mice sera analysis were subtracted using the values from PBS/alum (negative control).

4. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) of Sera Using in-House Antigen Coated Plates:

Coating of Plates with Antigen:

Conjugates 61*-BSA and 158*-BSA, and LPS #1-#4 were used as the coating antigen. LPS was dissolved in isopropanol at a concentration of 10/20 μg/mL. 100 μL was used for coating each well resulting in a coating concentration of 1-2 μg/well. The LPS solutions were loaded into the well and subjected to overnight evaporation at r.t. inside the sterile bench. For conjugates 61*-BSA and 158*-BSA, the respective conjugates were dissolved at a concentration of 5 μg/mL in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4. 100 μL were coated per well and incubated overnight at 4° C. to get an antigen concentration of 0.5 μg/well.

Washing:

After overnight adsorption of the antigen, the plates were washed 1× with PBS-T (200 μL/well) and the excess fluid per well was removed by inverting the plate and tapping on a clean dry tissue towel.

Blocking:

The plates were blocked using 200 μL of the commercial blocking solution and incubated for 2 h at RT.

Washing:

After blocking, the plates were washed 3× with PBS-T (200 μL/well) and the excess fluid per well was removed by inverting the plate and by tapping on a clean dry tissue towel.

Dilution of Sera and Incubations:

Pooled sera (n=4 rabbits or n=6 mice/group) from different time-points of the different experimental groups were diluted to their respective dilutions in the antibody diluent (PBS+1% BSA). 100 μL of the diluted sera samples of the different experimental groups were added in duplicates to the corresponding wells and incubated on a shaker set at 250 rpm for 2 h at RT. 100 μL/well of the antibody diluent (PBS+1% BSA) formed the experimental blank. After incubation with sera, the plates were washed 4× with PBS-T (200 μL/well) and the excess fluid per well was removed by inverting the plate and by tapping on a clean dry tissue towel.

Incubation (Detection Antibody):

The corresponding detection antibody, anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG HRP conjugate was diluted 1:10,000 in the antibody diluent (PBS+1% BSA) and 100 μL/well was added and incubated on a shaker at 250 rpm for 1 h at RT. After the incubation with detection antibody, the plates were washed 5× with PBS-T (200 μL/well) and the excess fluid per well was removed by inverting the plate and by tapping on a clean dry tissue towel.

Substrate Addition:

To each well, 100 μL of the ready to use TMB (3,3,′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine) substrate (normalized to r.t. from 4° C.) was added and incubated in dark for 15 min. The blue color of the enzymatic reaction was stopped by adding 50 μL/well of 2M H₂SO₄ solution resulting in a yellow colored solution. The absorption of the yellow colored solution was measured at 450 nm using a plate reader.

Results:

The absorption values were analyzed by plotting a graph using the GraphPad Prism software.

Results.

Sera from 61*-CRM₁₉₇, 158*-CRM₁₉₇, or 167*-CRM₁₉₇ immunized mice recognize the corresponding antigens (see FIG. 7). The sera of 172*-CRM₁₉₇ also cross-react with the corresponding K. pneumoniae LPS (see FIG. 8B). Sera from 158*-CRM₁₉₇/172*-CRM₁₉₇ immunized rabbits recognize the corresponding 0-antigens in the related BSA conjugates 158*-BSA and 172*-BSA, respectively (see FIG. 10). Sera from 158*-CRM₁₉₇ immunized rabbits recognize selectively the corresponding K. pneumoniae LPS (see FIG. 11).

The herein provided data demonstrate that after immunization with a conjugate of the present invention, functional antibodies against oligosaccharides of the present invention as well as against the natural O-polysaccharides of K. pneumoniae serotypes O1, O2, O2ac and carbapanem-resistant ST258 were elicited in rabbits and mice. The Antibodies do cross-react with the natural O-polysaccharides (LPS) of K. pneumoniae serotypes O1, O2, O2ac, and carbapanem-resistant ST258 indicating the potential of these antibodies to bind to K. pneumoniae bacteria and to confer protection against K. pneumoniae infection.

The ELISA data further proves that the conjugates of the present invention are immunogenic and induce high antibody titers. Hence, ELISA analysis shows that the saccharides of formula (I) of the present invention are immunogenic in rabbits and mice and generate cross-reactive antibodies. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A saccharide of general formula (II-4):

wherein R¹ represents H or U₆, U₆ represents

n is an integer from 1 to 20; m is an integer from 1 to 20; -L-E represents -L^(a)-E, -L^(a)-L^(e)-E, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e)-E, or -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)-E; wherein -L^(a)- represents —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂; -L^(b)- represents —O—, —NH—CO—NH—, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—, or —NH—CO—; -L^(d)- represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CH(OH))_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)CH₂—, -L^(e)- represents —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, or —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—; and E represents —NH₂, —N₃, —O—NH₂, —CH═CH₂, —C≡CH, —Br, —Cl, —I, —COOH, —COOCH₃, —COOC₂H₅, —CO₂R′, —CO-(3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CO-(dibenzocyclooctyne-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CONH—NH₂, —OH, or —SH; R′ represents

o, q, p1 and p2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, with the proviso that -L-E is not —C₃H₆—NH₂; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. The saccharide according to claim 1, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 20, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 3. The saccharide according to claim 2, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 10, m is 1 and R¹ is H; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 4. The saccharide according to claim 3, wherein -L- represents —(CH₂)_(o)— and o is an integer selected from 4, 5 and 6; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 5. The saccharide according to claim 1, wherein the saccharide is selected from the group consisting of

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 6. The saccharide according to claim 1, which is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 7. A saccharide of general formula (II-8) or (II-11):

wherein n is an integer from 1 to 20; -L-E represents -L^(a)-E, -L^(a)-L^(e)-E, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e)-E, or -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)-E; wherein -L^(a)- represents —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂; -L^(b)- represents —O—, —NH—CO—NH—, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—, or —NH—CO—; -L^(d)- represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CH(OH))_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—CH₂—; -L^(e)- represents —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, or —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—; and E represents —NH₂, —N₃, —O—NH₂, —CH═CH₂, —C≡CH, —Br, —Cl, —I, —COOH, —COOCH₃, —COOC₂H₅, —CO₂R′, —CO-(3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CO-(dibenzocyclooctyne-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CONH—NH₂, —OH, or —SH; R′ represents

o, q, p1 and p2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, with the proviso that -L-E is not —C₃H₆—NH₂; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 8. The saccharide according to claim 7, wherein the saccharide is selected from the group consisting of

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 9. A conjugate of general formula (III-4):

wherein R′ represents H or U₆, U₆ represents

n is an integer from 1 to 20; m is an integer from 1 to 20; -L- represents -L^(a)-, -L^(a)-L^(e)-, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e)-, or -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)-; -L^(a)- represents —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂; -L^(b)- represents —O—, —NH—CO—NH—, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—, or —NH—CO—; -L^(d)- represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CH(OH))_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—CH₂—; -L^(e)- represents —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, or —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—; and o, q, p1 and p2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; E₁- represents a covalent bond, —NH—, —O—NH—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CH═CH—, —CONH—, —CO—NHNH—,

-T- represents

a represents an integer from 1 to 10; b represents an integer from 1 to 4; i is an integer selected from 2 to 25; CP is a carrier protein selected from the group consisting of: a diphtheria toxoid, a mutated diphtheria toxoid, a modified diphtheria toxoid, a mutated and modified diphtheria toxoid, a tetanus toxoid, a modified tetanus toxoid, a mutated tetanus toxoid, outer membrane protein (OMP), bovine serum albumin (BSA), keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH), recombinant non-toxic form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (rEPA) and cholera toxoid (CT).
 10. The conjugate according to claim 3, wherein n is an integer from 3 to
 20. 11. The conjugate according to claim 10, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 10, m is 1 and R¹ is H.
 12. The conjugate according to claim 11, wherein -L- represents —(CH₂)_(o)— and o is an integer selected from 4, 5 and
 6. 13. The conjugate according to claim 9, wherein the conjugate is a conjugate of general formula (V-4)

wherein R¹ represents H or U₆, U₆ represents

n is an integer from 1 to 20; m is an integer from 1 to 20; -L- represents -L^(a)-, -L^(a)-L^(e)-, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e)-, or -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)-; -L^(a)- represents —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂; -L^(b)- represents —O—, —NH—CO—NH—, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—, or —NH—CO—; -L^(d)- represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CH(OH))_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—CH₂—; -L^(e)- represents —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, or —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—; and o, q, p1 and p2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; -E₁- represents a covalent bond, —NH—, —O—NH—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CH═CH—, —CONH—, —CO—NHNH—,

-T- represents

a represents an integer from 1 to 10; b represents an integer from 1 to 4; and i is an integer selected from 2 to
 25. 14. The conjugate according to claim 13, wherein -T- represents

a is an integer selected from 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; and E₁ is a covalent bond, —NH—, —CH═CH—, —CONH—,


15. The conjugate according to claim 14, wherein n is an integer from 3 to
 20. 16. The conjugate according to claim 15, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 10, m is 1 and R¹ is H.
 17. The conjugate according to claim 16, wherein -L- represents —(CH₂)_(o)— and o is an integer selected from 4, 5 and
 6. 18. The conjugate according to claim 17, wherein i is an integer selected from 2 to
 18. 19. The conjugate according to claim 13, wherein i is an integer selected from 2 to
 18. 20. The conjugate according to claim 18, wherein i is an integer selected from 4 to
 10. 21. A conjugate, wherein the conjugate comprises

wherein i is an integer selected from 2 to
 25. 22. The conjugate according to claim 21, wherein the conjugate comprises

wherein i is an integer selected from 2 to
 18. 23. The conjugate according to claim 22, wherein the conjugate comprises

wherein i is an integer selected from 4 to
 10. 24. A conjugate having the formula:


25. A conjugate of general formula (III-8) or (III-11):

wherein n is an integer from 1 to 20; -L- represents -L^(a)-L^(a)-L^(e)-, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e)-, or -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)-; -L^(a)- represents —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂; -L^(b)- represents —O—, —NH—CO—NH—, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—, or —NH—CO—; -L^(d)- represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CH(OH))_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—CH₂—; -L^(e)- represents —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, or —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—; and o, q, p1 and p2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; -E₁- represents a covalent bond, —NH—, —O—NH—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CH═CH—, —CONH—, —CO—NHNH—,

-T- represents

a represents an integer from 1 to 10; b represents an integer from 1 to 4; and i is an integer selected from 2 to 25; CP is a carrier protein selected from the group consisting of: a diphtheria toxoid, a mutated diphtheria toxoid, a modified diphtheria toxoid, a mutated and modified diphtheria toxoid, a tetanus toxoid, a modified tetanus toxoid, a mutated tetanus toxoid, outer membrane protein (OMP), bovine serum albumin (BSA), keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH), recombinant non-toxic form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (rEPA) and cholera toxoid (CT).
 26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one saccharide according to claim 1 as an active ingredient together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant and/or excipient.
 27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one conjugate according to claim 9 as an active ingredient together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant and/or excipient.
 28. A method of inducing immune response against Klebsiella pneumoniae in a human or animal host, said method comprising administering at least one saccharide according to claim 1 to said human or animal host.
 29. A method of inducing immune response against Klebsiella pneumoniae in a human or animal host, said method comprising administering at least one conjugate according to claim 9 to said human or animal host.
 30. The method according to claim 28, wherein the immune response is induced for the prevention and/or treatment of a disease associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae, wherein the disease is selected from meningitis, urinary tract infection, nosocomial pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections, wound infection, infection of blood, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, septicemia and ankylosing spondylitis.
 31. The method according to claim 29, wherein the immune response is induced for the prevention and/or treatment of a disease associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae, wherein the disease is selected from meningitis, urinary tract infection, nosocomial pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections, wound infection, infection of blood, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, septicemia and ankylosing spondylitis.
 32. The method according to claim 30, wherein the Klebsiella pneumoniae is selected from O-serotypes comprising or consisting of O1, O2a, O2ac, O2aeh, O2afg, O8, and carbapanem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain ST
 258. 33. The method according to claim 31, wherein the Klebsiella pneumoniae is selected from O-serotypes comprising or consisting of O1, O2a, O2ac, O2aeh, O2afg, O8, and carbapanem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain ST
 258. 34. A process for preparing the conjugate of general formula (III-4) according to claim 9, wherein the process comprises conjugating a saccharide of general formula (II-4):

wherein R¹ represents H or U₆, U₆ represents

n is an integer from 1 to 20; m is an integer from 1 to 20; -L-E represents -L^(a)-E, -L^(a)-L^(e)-E, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e)-E, or -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)-E; wherein -L^(a)- represents —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂; -L^(b)- represents —O—, —NH—CO—NH—, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—, or —NH—CO—; -L^(d)- represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CH(OH))_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—CH₂—, -L^(e)- represents —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, or —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—; and E represents —NH₂, —N₃, —O—NH₂, —CH═CH₂, —C≡CH, —Br, —Cl, —I, —COOH, —COOCH₃, —COOC₂H₅, —CO₂R′, —CO-(3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CO-(dibenzocyclooctyne-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl), —CONH—NH₂, —OH, or —SH; R′ represents

o, q, p1 and p2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, with the proviso that -L-E is not —C₃H₆—NH₂; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the carrier protein (CP).
 35. A conjugate of general formula (III-4):

wherein R¹ represents H or U₆, U₆ represents

n is an integer from 1 to 20; m is an integer from 1 to 20; -L- represents -L^(a)-, -L^(a)-L^(e)-, -L^(a)-L^(b)-L^(e), or -L^(a)-L^(d)-L^(e)-; -L^(a)- represents —(CH₂)_(o)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(o)—CH₂; -L^(b)- represents —O—, —NH—CO—NH—, —NH—CO—CH₂—NH—, or —NH—CO—; -L^(d)- represents —(CH₂)_(q)—, —(CH(OH))_(q)—, —(CF₂)_(q)—, —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—C₂H₄—, or —(CH₂—CH₂—O)_(q)—CH₂—; -L^(e)- represents —(CH₂)_(p1)—, —(CF₂)_(p1)—, —C₂H₄—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, —CH₂—(O—CH₂—CH₂)_(p1)—, or —(CH₂)_(p1)—O—(CH₂)_(p2)—; and o, q, p1 and p2 are independently of each other an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; -E₁- represents a covalent bond, —NH—, —O—NH—, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CH═CH—, —CONH—, —CO—NHNH—,

-T- represents

a represents an integer from 1 to 10; b represents an integer from 1 to 4; i is an integer selected from 2 to 25; and CP is a carrier protein selected from the group consisting of: a diphtheria toxoid, a mutated diphtheria toxoid, a modified diphtheria toxoid, a mutated and modified diphtheria toxoid, a tetanus toxoid, a modified tetanus toxoid, a mutated tetanus toxoid, outer membrane protein (OMP), bovine serum albumin (BSA), keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH), recombinant non-toxic form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (rEP A) and cholera toxoid (CT), wherein the conjugate is prepared by conjugating a saccharide of general formula (II-4):

to the carrier protein (CP).
 36. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one conjugate according to claim 22 as an active ingredient together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant and/or excipient.
 37. A method of inducing immune response against Klebsiella pneumoniae in a human or animal host, said method comprising administering at least one conjugate according to claim 22 to said human or animal host.
 38. The method according to claim 37, wherein the immune response is induced for the prevention and/or treatment of a disease associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae, wherein the disease is selected from meningitis, urinary tract infection, nosocomial pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections, wound infection, infection of blood, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, septicemia and ankylosing spondylitis.
 39. The method according to claim 38, wherein the Klebsiella pneumoniae is selected from O-serotypes comprising or consisting of O1, O2a, O2ac, O2aeh, O2afg, O8, and carbapanem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain ST
 258. 40. A pharmaceutical composition, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises non-toxic mutated diphtheria toxin CRM₁₉₇ and the CRM₁₉₇ comprises at least one covalently bound saccharide as shown below: 